{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T14:08:05Z","timestamp":1779890885406,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norwegian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["335643"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["335643"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, such as pre-eclampsia (PE), are one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal deaths in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Although clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for PE prevention and management are available, there is limited information on their implementation in LMIC contexts. This realist synthesis therefore aims to uncover the causal explanations underpinning the implementation of CPG recommendations for PE prevention and management in Eastern, Central and Southern African contexts. By developing and refining initial programme theories (IPTs), we will generate a pragmatic evidence base explaining how contextual factors trigger mechanisms that lead to intended and unintended outcomes and why implementation varies across the different settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conceptualise the implementation of CPGs for PE prevention and management as complex social interventions operating within complex adaptive systems. The realist synthesis method will be employed to systematically review the literature for evidence synthesis. The review process will be conducted in five phases, each iteratively building on the previous phase to uncover generative causation and refine the IPTs. We will identify articles through iterative purposive searching in six electronic databases and search engines (Google Scholar, PubMed, Cochrane, MEDLINE, EMBASE Global Health) and through screening WHO sources. Advisory group consultations will be held to formulate, prioritise and refine IPTs. To conceptualise our realist theories through generative causation, we will analyse the data using a retroductive approach, an integration of inductive, deductive and abductive reasoning. We will inductively examine theoretical insights related to five established care moments and explore how CPGs operate during these moments, including where and how they fail to work as intended. The five care moments are: (1) Risk assessment\/prevention, (2) Diagnosing disease, (3) Management of PE without severe features, (4) With severe features and (5) Decision making around birth. Deductive reasoning will support sense-making of evidence-based theories through the lens of theories that have been used to explain the adoption of guidelines in healthcare settings. Lastly, abductive reasoning, centring researcher hunches, will help to unearth mechanisms that have been insufficiently detailed in the literature. The intervention-context-actor-mechanism-outcome heuristic will be used to configure programme theories and articulate the theories using the if-then statements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This project is part of the larger PREvention of Severe Hypertensive Adverse events (PRESHA) project, which aims to improve the detection, prevention and management of PE in Tanzania. PRESHA has ethical clearance from the Regional Ethics Board in Norway and the National Health Research Ethics Committee in Tanzania. Findings of the review will support the contextual development of CPGs for the prevention and management of PE, which will be implemented within the context of the PRESHA trial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2026-116839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T12:00:58Z","timestamp":1779883258000},"page":"e116839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Developing middle-range theories for the implementation of clinical practice guideline recommendations for pre-eclampsia prevention and management in eastern, central and southern Africa: a realist synthesis protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4681-7043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Solnes Miltenburg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Akershus University Hospital, L\u00f8renskog, Akershus, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9296-0396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadege Sandrine","family":"Uwamahoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph R","family":"Mwanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Mwanza Region, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedikte V","family":"Lindskog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Studies, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghnild","family":"Misje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Kihunrwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea B","family":"Pembe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4496-9254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brynne","family":"Gilmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health Systems, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinand C","family":"Mukumbang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (WA), USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026052706302534000_16.5.e116839.1","unstructured":"UN General Assembly . 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