{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T14:16:46Z","timestamp":1788445006413,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Interreg VI programme Deutschland-Nederland","award":["31107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31107"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic pain is a public health priority that affects 18% of Dutch and 16% of German adults, representing a major societal burden. The Ems Dollart Region (EDR), which forms the northern part of the Dutch\u2013German border area, is particularly characterised by lower incomes, more physically demanding jobs and lower health literacy, which are associated with higher pain prevalence. Individuals with lower socioeconomic status face greater pain-related disability and reduced quality of life. Public health campaigns underpinned by pain science education provide a strategy to improve understanding of pain among the wider public by addressing common misconceptions about its causes and management. However, large-scale population-level interventions and evaluations of such campaigns remain limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This protocol describes the design and implementation of a cross-border public health campaign in the EDR, aimed at improving public understanding of pain, changing attitudes and beliefs and promoting healthy behaviours. We will conduct a quasi-experimental before\u2013after study in the EDR with a control group in Flanders (Belgium). The intervention is guided by behaviour change and biopsychosocial models. The campaign will deliver tailored content via social media, broadcast, print and online advertisements over a 24-month period. Two independent cross-sectional samples will be surveyed at baseline and at 2-year follow-up, comprising 3200 participants per measurement wave from three regions: the Netherlands and Germany as intervention regions, and Flanders, Belgium, as the control region. The primary outcome is the prespecified Pain Concepts Questionnaire ratio score, assessing pain-related knowledge, attitudes and beliefs. The primary analysis will use an adjusted difference-in-differences framework to estimate whether change in the primary outcome differs between the combined intervention regions and the control region. Secondary analyses will examine the Netherlands and Germany separately and will evaluate healthcare utilisation, medication use, health-related quality of life and work absenteeism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study protocol was reviewed by the Medical Ethics Review Board of the University Medical Center Groningen and the University of Oldenburg. The study was considered not subject to the Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act (non-WMO declaration; reference number M24.345555, issued on 31 December 2024) and was approved by the University of Oldenburg Ethics Committee (reference number 2025\u2013056, issued on 07 March 2025). Informed consent was obtained electronically by the research agency at the time of participants\u2019 registration with the research panel. Study findings, regardless of outcome, will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and presentations at national and international conferences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2026-117258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T13:45:19Z","timestamp":1788443119000},"page":"e117258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["xPEDition pain: protocol for a quasi-experimental before\u2013after study of a public health campaign on chronic pain in the Ems Dollart Region"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1116-2302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.Y.","family":"Sanina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Research, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg, Oldenburg, 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