{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:27:56Z","timestamp":1792787276401,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The World Bank Group","award":["7207026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7207026"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02md09461","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the inadequate dietary diversity (IDD) and factors associated with it among 5\u20139 years old children in Bangladesh.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study was based on cross-sectional data from the second wave of a longitudinal food security and nutrition surveillance in 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were collected from 90 clusters (64 rural, 16 non-slum urban and 10 slums) in all 8 administrative divisions of Bangladesh.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 5764 (2850 boys and 2914 girls) children were included in the study. Information was collected from their mothers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary outcome measure was IDD. Dietary data were collected using a list-based (24 food categories) recall method, which was further grouped into 10 food groups. IDD was defined as consumption of fewer than 5 food groups out of 10.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>More than half of the children (52.7%) had IDD (&lt;5 recommended food groups), with slightly higher prevalence among boys (55.0%) than girls (53.2%). Poor parental education (e.g., grade 0\u20134 (adjusted prevalence ratio (APR): 1.22 for mother, 1.15 for father), grade 5\u20139 (APR: 1.16 for mother)), unimproved sanitation (APR: 1.07), mild food insecurity (APR: 1.09), severe food insecurity (APR: 1.12) and lower household wealth (APR: 1.19 for the poorest, 1.18 for the poorer), increased the prevalence of IDD. However, children aged 8\u20139 years (APR: 0.94) and being overweight or obese (APR: 0.82) had a decreased prevalence of IDD compared with their counterparts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To address IDD among children, multisectoral interventions should be targeted linking improving household wealth and sanitation, reducing food insecurity and advancing parental education.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2026-117343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T16:11:02Z","timestamp":1790179862000},"page":"e117343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence and determinants of inadequate dietary diversity among 5\u20139 years old children in Bangladesh: findings from a nationally representative cross-sectional survey"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6192-2009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahnaz","family":"Sharmin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Non-communicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8058-4776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Mokbul","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Non-communicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9294-265X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahmida","family":"Akter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Non-communicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abu Ahmed","family":"Shamim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Non-communicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakib","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Non-communicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaosar","family":"Afsana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dipak Kumar","family":"Mitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North-South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wameq Azfar","family":"Raza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The World Bank, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepika","family":"Chaudhery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The World Bank, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9226-457X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malay Kanti","family":"Mridha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Non-communicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092309102249000_16.9.e117343.1","unstructured":"UNICEF . 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