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We aimed to examine whether DM in first-degree relatives is associated with an increased risk of hand surgical diagnoses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were collected from a population-based cohort in southern Sweden (Malm\u00f6 Diet and Cancer Study (MDCS)). Family relationships were obtained through the Swedish Multi-Generation Register and healthcare diagnoses from the National Patient Register.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>30\u2009446 individuals (60% female) aged 45\u201373 years were included from the MDCS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary outcome was any diagnosis within the \u2018diabetic hand\u2019 category; carpal tunnel syndrome, ulnar nerve entrapment, trigger finger, Dupuytren\u2019s disease and thumb base osteoarthritis, identified through International Classification of Diseases, tenth revision codes. Logistic regression models were used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the index study population, 4 150 (14%) had \u22651\u2009hand surgical diagnosis. In unadjusted models, DM in the index individual and first-degree relatives was associated with an increased risk of developing hand surgical diagnoses (OR 1.14, 95%\u2009CI 1.06 to 1.22). After adjusting for confounders, only DM in the index individual remained significantly associated with the diabetic hand (OR 1.23, 95%\u2009CI 1.13 to 1.33). In diagnosis-specific analyses, an association persisted between having \u22651 sibling with DM and Dupuytren\u2019s disease (OR 1.39, 95%\u2009CI 1.09 to 1.76), and between having \u22651 child with DM and carpal tunnel syndrome (OR 1.18, 95%\u2009CI 1.00 to 1.39).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While DM in the index individual was consistently associated with a higher risk of multiple hand surgical diagnoses, DM in first-degree relatives did not significantly influence the risk after adjustments. Exceptions included an association between \u22651 sibling with DM and Dupuytren\u2019s disease, and \u22651 child with DM and carpal tunnel syndrome. Future research should further explore potential genetic factors contributing to these conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2026-117616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T12:45:53Z","timestamp":1781873153000},"page":"e117616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Family history of diabetes in first-degree relatives and risk of hand surgical diagnoses: a Swedish population-based cohort study from the Malm\u00f6 Diet and Cancer Study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6788-1466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lovisa","family":"Lesand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine - Hand Surgery, Lund University, Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mattias","family":"Rydberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine - 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