{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T14:14:21Z","timestamp":1788444861888,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016559","name":"His Majesty\u2019s Trust Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SR\/MED\/FMCO\/23\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SR\/MED\/FMCO\/23\/01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016559","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify risk factors and examine associations between colorectal cancer (CRC) status and modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors among patients diagnosed in Oman, considering the existence and increase of incidence and prevalence of these risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A multicentre case\u2013control study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sultan Qaboos University Hospital and the Royal Hospital in Muscat, Oman.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients diagnosed with CRC (n=166) and controls (n=166).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A questionnaire adapted from the Colon Cancer Family Registry and other previously published studies was used to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics, modifiable and non-modifiable CRC risk factors and coexisting morbidities. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to examine associations between CRC status and independent variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multivariable analysis demonstrated significant associations between CRC status and several risk factors. Smoking was associated with a fourfold increased risk of CRC (adjusted OR (aOR): 4.35, 95% CI 2.26 to 8.36). Higher body mass index was also associated with increased CRC risk (aOR: 2.42, 95% CI 1.23 to 4.76), while individuals with a family history of CRC, including first-degree relatives (biological parents, siblings and children) and second-degree relatives (grandparents, uncles and aunts) had more than double the risk (aOR: 2.10, 95% CI 1.15 to 3.82). Also, polyps had double the risk (aOR 2.61, 95% CI 1.40 to 4.84) In addition, CRC was more common among patients with diabetes (aOR 2.70, 95% CI 1.52 to 4.80), hypertension (aOR 4.13, 95% CI 2.03 to 8.42)\u2009and inflammatory bowel disease (aOR 3.48, 95% CI 1.13 to 10.67).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Considering the existence of non-modifiable risk factors and the increase in incidence and prevalence of modifiable risk factors of CRC in Oman, the findings of this study underscore the need for targeted awareness initiatives, risk-based screening and early surveillance, particularly among high-risk groups. The results also support integrating smoking cessation, weight management and optimal control of chronic diseases into national CRC prevention programmes to reduce the overall CRC disease burden.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2026-117673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T12:45:56Z","timestamp":1781873156000},"page":"e117673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring associations between epidemiological risk factors and colorectal cancer in Oman: a case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shaista","family":"Rehman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asem","family":"Shalaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Said A","family":"Al-Busafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2899-3118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moon Fai","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5147-9627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaima Al","family":"Khabouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Al Hinai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, University Medical City, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adhari","family":"Al Zaabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human and Clinical Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Al Masqari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Royal Hospital, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asim","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, University Medical City, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9147-6164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hana","family":"Al Sumri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6136-4081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Al-Azri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090306272010000_16.6.e117673.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-327736"},{"key":"2026090306272010000_16.6.e117673.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310912"},{"key":"2026090306272010000_16.6.e117673.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3967"},{"key":"2026090306272010000_16.6.e117673.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3892\/mco.2021.2433","article-title":"General insight into cancer: An overview of colorectal cancer (Review)","volume":"15","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2026090306272010000_16.6.e117673.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(19)32319-0"},{"key":"2026090306272010000_16.6.e117673.6","unstructured":"American Cancer Society . 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