{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T14:41:32Z","timestamp":1786545692656,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Developmental Pathway Funding Scheme","award":["MR\/Y019318\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/Y019318\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine, 2000\u20133000 neonates die of tetanus yearly, predominantly in low- to middle-income countries (LMICs). Inaccurate coverage estimates and vaccination records, together with variability in vaccine response, make identifying individuals who lack protective immunity and may benefit from vaccination difficult. A more direct measure of protective immunity is widely accepted as anti-tetanus IgG concentration at or above 0.1\u2009IU\/mL. This study aims to evaluate the performance of a novel saliva-based point-of-care lateral flow test (CIS-IMMUNE Tet) for the binary classification of tetanus protective immune status (protected\/unprotected) against WHO threshold-based classification of IgG concentration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a diagnostic test accuracy study with a cross-sectional design conducted in Rwanda. A total of 390 participants will be prospectively enrolled through direct invitation by health centres and community health workers using a convenience sampling approach. Participants will be enrolled into four groups: children aged 5\u201310 years, healthy adults aged 18\u201325 years, pregnant women and adults aged 18\u201345 years with known immunosuppression. This sample size was estimated assuming a specificity of 85% based on proof-of-concept data, with a lower bound of the 95% CI no less than 65%, a significance level of 0.05 and 80% power using the exact binomial method (SAS POWER procedure). Protective immunity will be determined by analysis of anti-tetanus toxoid IgG concentrations in serum by ELISA and analysis of saliva samples using the CIS IMMUNE\u00ae Tet test. Test performance will be evaluated by estimating sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios, each with CIs, for detecting protective immunity using the serum reference standard.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study protocol was approved by the Rwanda National Ethics Committee (reference RNEC587\/2024) and the University of Birmingham (reference ERN_5194-Oct2025). Results will be published in peer-reviewed medical journals and presented at national and international conferences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2026-119202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T13:45:13Z","timestamp":1786542313000},"page":"e119202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A clinical accuracy study protocol for a saliva-based point-of-care lateral flow test to assess protective immunity to tetanus (TETANUS study)"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4144-3321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K","family":"Gokani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"},{"name":"Dept of Infectious Diseases & Tropical Medicine, NIHR\/Wellcome Clinical Research Facility, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9300-5569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"SE","family":"Faustini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Service,School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Tanner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Service,School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"HF","family":"Kwok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Service,School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6930-5617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y","family":"Takwoingi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Semukunzi","family":"H","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"},{"name":"University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Umuhoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Family Health Research, Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Service,School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Nyombayire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Family Health Research, Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CM","family":"Muvunyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Heaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Service,School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CA","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"},{"name":"Dept of Infectious Diseases & Tropical Medicine, NIHR\/Wellcome Clinical Research Facility, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081206450545000_16.8.e119202.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . 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