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It is not clear whether GC therapy is better administered intramuscularly or orally and at what dose level. The aim of the LEADER trial is to identify the most effective and safest way of using steroids in patients with uncontrolled RA who are starting a DMARD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A multicentre, randomised, open-label, four-arm, parallel-group clinical trial with an internal pilot phase, economic evaluation and qualitative study of acceptability. Participants will be randomised to one of four arms: arm A, 30\u2009mg oral prednisolone tapering over 6\u2009weeks; arm B, 15\u2009mg oral prednisolone tapering over 4\u2009weeks; arm C, Intramuscularly 120\u2009mg methylprednisolone; and arm D, Intramuscularly 80\u2009mg methylprednisolone. Participants will be assessed at baseline (pre-GC intervention), 4, 12 and 24 weeks. The primary outcome measure is the mean DAS(CRP)\u221228 over 12 weeks. The primary comparison will be according to route of administration (oral vs intramuscular GC treatment) with secondary comparisons within route of administration to provide evidence of dose effectiveness. Toxicity will be measured using the Glucocorticoid Toxicity Index, a clinical outcome assessment and early morning cortisol level. LEADER will be conducted in ~30 sites delivering NHS care, recruiting a sample size of 448. Economic evaluation will compare cost-effectiveness within a trial and over a lifetime horizon from the English National Health Service perspective.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The LEADER trial received MHRA and Leicester Central Research Ethics Committee ethics approval (REC reference: 24\/EM\/0277, IRAS 1010280), opened to recruitment on Protocol Version 4.0 and is currently recruiting on Protocol Version 5.0. Participants will provide written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and applicable regulatory requirements. Trial results will be disseminated via presentations at national and international meetings, published in open-access journals and to patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"isrctn\" xlink:href=\"ISRCTN32090559\">ISRCTN32090559<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2026-119885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T11:20:33Z","timestamp":1783682433000},"page":"e119885","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical and cost-effectiveness of oral versus intramuscular glucocorticoids in rheumatoid arthritis: protocol for a 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