{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T13:46:48Z","timestamp":1782827208692,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The heart and lungs are closely linked anatomically and physiologically, sharing the thoracic cavity and jointly ensuring oxygenation and removal of carbon dioxide. With the introduction of positive pressure ventilation, significant changes in cardiopulmonary dynamics were noted. Guyton described these mechanisms of reduced venous return and cardiac output via elevated right atrial pressure. Mechanical ventilation, particularly positive pressure ventilation, is widely used in paediatric critical care, yet data on its clinical effects on children\u2019s circulation remain limited. Many principles deduced from experiments on animals and adult physiology are applied to critically ill children. This scoping review will aim to summarise current evidence on the effect of mechanical ventilation on the circulation in critically ill children and to identify knowledge gaps to address in future research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The scoping review will follow the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) protocol for scoping reviews. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and Web of Science Core Collection will be searched as well as clinical trial registries ClinicalTrials.gov and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. Studies will be included if they describe a cardiovascular outcome after changing any ventilatory parameter or mode. The search is scheduled for the first of June 2026, and we plan to finish the paper before 31 December 2026.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>All search results will be uploaded to EndNote where duplicate records will be identified and removed. Titles\/abstracts will be screened by two independent reviewers based on inclusion criteria using the online software of Rayyan. Full texts of potentially relevant sources will be screened by two independent reviewers. Reasons for exclusions will be documented and disagreements resolved through discussion or a third reviewer. Data will be extracted by at least two reviewers using a tool developed by the team based on the JBI guidance. Describing and\/or plotting of the results will be an iterative process, but adjustments will be clarified and tested against the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board is not required for this study since all investigations are being carried out on previously published manuscripts. There will be no involvement of new patients or other study participants of any kind. The review will be registered and the protocol published in order to maintain methodological transparency. Final results will be compiled and submitted for publication once the study has been completed and all data has been charted\/analysed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2026-119949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T13:12:56Z","timestamp":1782825176000},"page":"e119949","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cardiopulmonary interactions during paediatric mechanical ventilation: protocol for a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2168-0645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard A","family":"Hollander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen Beatrix Children's Hospital, Groningen, GR, Netherlands"},{"name":"Critical Care, Anesthesiology, Peri-operative & Emergency Medicine (CAPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, GR, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeroen","family":"Ter Horst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen Beatrix Children's Hospital, Groningen, GR, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sjoukje","family":"van der Werf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Library, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, GR, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin CJ","family":"Kneyber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen Beatrix Children's Hospital, Groningen, GR, Netherlands"},{"name":"Critical Care, Anesthesiology, Peri-operative & Emergency Medicine (CAPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, GR, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026063005551764000_16.6.e119949.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.5301\/jva.5000018","article-title":"Vascular access: an historical perspective from Sir William Harvey to the 1956 Nobel prize to Andr\u00e9 F. Cournand, Werner Forssmann, and Dickinson W. Richards","volume":"13","author":"Sette","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vasc Access"},{"key":"2026063005551764000_16.6.e119949.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201503-0421PP","article-title":"History of Mechanical Ventilation. From Vesalius to Ventilator-induced Lung Injury","volume":"191","author":"Slutsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026063005551764000_16.6.e119949.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1957.189.3.609"},{"key":"2026063005551764000_16.6.e119949.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1955.35.1.123"},{"key":"2026063005551764000_16.6.e119949.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197908303010901"},{"key":"2026063005551764000_16.6.e119949.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S182","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000829","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary Interactions","volume":"17","author":"Bronicki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026063005551764000_16.6.e119949.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2150135111413613"},{"key":"2026063005551764000_16.6.e119949.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.80.5.475"},{"key":"2026063005551764000_16.6.e119949.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000003880","article-title":"Effect of Positive End-Expiratory Pressure on Cardiac Index and Right Ventricular Performance in Ventilated Children Post-Cardiac Surgery","volume":"27","author":"Clausen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026063005551764000_16.6.e119949.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2005.00670.x","article-title":"Haemodynamic changes during positive-pressure ventilation in children","volume":"49","author":"Kardos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"2026063005551764000_16.6.e119949.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.78.6.587","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary interactions in healthy children and children after simple cardiac surgery: the effects of positive and negative pressure ventilation","volume":"78","author":"Shekerdemian","year":"1997","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026063005551764000_16.6.e119949.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00009","article-title":"Minimal Change in Cardiac Index With Increasing PEEP in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Virk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"2026063005551764000_16.6.e119949.13","unstructured":"McInerney P , Munn Z , Tricco AC , et al . Scoping reviews (2020). In: Aromataris E , Lockwood C , Porritt K , et al , eds. JBI Manual for evidence synthesis. JBI, 2024."},{"key":"2026063005551764000_16.6.e119949.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-21-00242","article-title":"Best practice guidance and reporting items for the development of scoping review protocols","volume":"20","author":"Peters","year":"2022","journal-title":"JBI Evidence Synthesis"},{"key":"2026063005551764000_16.6.e119949.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3163\/1536-5050.104.3.014"},{"key":"2026063005551764000_16.6.e119949.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026063005551764000_16.6.e119949.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2026-119949","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T13:13:12Z","timestamp":1782825192000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2026-119949"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2026-119949"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2026-119949","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}}}