{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:27:55Z","timestamp":1792787275342,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council Investigator Grant","award":["2026263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026263"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/011kf5r70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council Investigator Grant","award":["2033610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2033610"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/011kf5r70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"2021 Medical Research Future Fund Chronic Neurological Conditions","award":["APP 2017709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP 2017709"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0513v5k17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inequitable access to early developmental support persists across both universal and specialised services for priority populations. However, real-world evidence on the impact of implementing proportionate universalism framework (universal plus targeted supports commensurate with needs) within service systems is limited. To address this gap, we aim to implement and evaluate a codesigned model of care called the Strengths-based, Tiered, Accessible Resources and Supports for Kids (hereafter, STARS for Kids) model to improve early identification and delivery of appropriate support for child developmental vulnerabilities, parental mental health and family psychosocial needs across the first 2000 days of life, from pregnancy to the start of school.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study will be conducted in three phases alongside the codesign phase that will be integrated across the life of the study. First, the impact evaluation phase will be conducted using a multisite, individually randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of the STARS for Kids tiered care model (intervention group) against enhanced usual care (control group). Parents\/carers of children aged 6\u2009months to 3 years (140 per site) will be recruited using opportunistic contacts in three sites: (i) a multicultural site with a high immigrant population in South Western Sydney in New South Wales (NSW), Australia; (ii) a regional\/rural site including an Aboriginal community on Biripi land in Taree in NSW; and (iii) a low socioeconomic site, the City of Wanneroo in Western Australia. Additionally, a nested trial will evaluate the My Toddler and Me Enhanced Video Programme intervention against enhanced usual care among children identified with emotional dysregulation. Second, the implementation evaluation phase will be conducted with consumers and service providers (approximately 15\u201320 per group and site). Underpinned by the consolidated framework for implementation research, it will evaluate the perceived feasibility, satisfaction, benefits, barriers and facilitators of the model. Third, the economic analysis and dynamic simulation modelling phase will ascertain the cost\u2013benefits and model the impact of the STARS for Kids intervention across the life course for children and families. The primary outcome (parent or carer-reported completion of child developmental checks) and secondary outcomes (changes in child developmental vulnerabilities, parental mental health and family psychosocial needs between the intervention and control groups) will be compared by intention-to-treat analysis using generalised mixed models to account for group, time and interactions. Interview data from the implementation evaluation phase will be thematically analysed to identify, refine and integrate themes representing participant experiences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The South Western Sydney Local Health District Human Research Ethics Committee approved this protocol for the South Western Sydney and Taree sites in NSW (2024\/ETH01146) and Ramsay Ethics approved this protocol for the Wanneroo site in Western Australia (2025\/ETH\/0002). Site-specific research governance approvals were granted for all three sites. Given the substantial proportion of Aboriginal and\/or Torres Strait Islander communities in Taree, an Aboriginal Health and Medical Research Council ethics application was approved for the Taree site (2478\/25). Findings from this study will be published in reports and refereed journals and presented at appropriate conferences and community forums following consultations with the relevant steering committees and consumer groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ACTRN12624000806561.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2026-122902","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:01:57Z","timestamp":1790694117000},"page":"e122902","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of strengths-based, tiered, accessible resources and supports (STARS) for Kids project, a codesigned hybrid service delivery framework to identify and support child development, parent mental health and psychosocial needs among parents and carers of children aged 6 months to 3 years: a randomised controlled trial protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8720-8300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James Rufus","family":"John","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Academic Unit of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychiatry Services, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6202-6685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane","family":"Kohlhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Karitane, Villawood, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sini","family":"Lambiase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kids Research Institute Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3194-3852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Nicholls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5812-2340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maite","family":"Diez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerrie E","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rural Medicine, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karlen","family":"Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Academic Unit of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychiatry Services, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Boydell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Black Dog Institute, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Steps Count, Taree, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toni","family":"Carson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Steps Count, Taree, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6167-551X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christa","family":"Lam-Cassettari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Academic Unit of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychiatry Services, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kids Research Institute Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5767-1794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann","family":"Dadich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Descallar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Finlay-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kids Research Institute Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia"},{"name":"School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biripi Aboriginal Corporation Medical Centre, Purfleet, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6520-7094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon","family":"Goldfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebekah","family":"Grace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transforming Early Education and Child Health (TeEACH) Strategic Research Initiative, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9177-3428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Hodgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5066-2534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzy","family":"Honisett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bree","family":"Katsamangos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mission Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9002-0205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilan","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Policy Research Centre, Faculty of Arts and Social Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Kemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feroza","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Academic Unit of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychiatry Services, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luana","family":"Kliendienst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biripi Aboriginal Corporation Medical Centre, Purfleet, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenny","family":"Lawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghu","family":"Lingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"McClean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uniting NSW.ACT, Kingston, Australian Capital Territory, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan M B","family":"Morton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Innovative Solutions for Wellbeing and Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grainne","family":"O\u2019Loughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karitane, Villawood, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarina","family":"Ostojic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Prescott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanti","family":"Raman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Community Paediatrics, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4066-1781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"Schmied","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam K","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kids Research Institute Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desiree","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kids Research Institute Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia"},{"name":"Joondalup Health Campus, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7358-9037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenny","family":"Downs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kids Research Institute Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia"},{"name":"School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Woolfenden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Institute for Women, Children and their Families, SLHD, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6296-8306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valsamma","family":"Eapen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Academic Unit of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychiatry Services, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Ngarra Wakulda Aboriginal Community Consultation Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.1","unstructured":"National Mental Health Commission . The fifth national mental health and suicide prevention plan. 2017. Available: https:\/\/www.mentalhealthcommission.gov.au\/monitoring-and-reporting\/fifth-plan"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.2","unstructured":"Australian Government Department of Health . National action plan for the health of children and young people: 2020\u20132030. 2019. Available: https:\/\/www.health.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/2021\/04\/national-action-plan-for-the-health-of-children-and-young-people-2020-2030-national-action-plan-for-the-health-of-children-and-young-people-2020-2030.pdf"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.3","unstructured":"Commonwealth of Australia . AEDC national report 2024 early childhood development in Australia. 2025. Available: https:\/\/www.aedc.gov.au\/docs\/default-source\/default-document-library\/aedc_national-report-2024_da7-409a37b9d-95ce-43e7-af00-51aa604cf0b3.pdf?sfvrsn=b56015ba_1"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-025-00936-0","article-title":"Developmental vulnerability in children from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds in Western Australia: a population-based study","volume":"21","author":"Atalell","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0266"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-1126","article-title":"The Intersection of Health and Education to Address School Readiness of All Children","volume":"142","author":"Peterson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073815579705"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.8","unstructured":"Teager W , Fox S , Stafford N . How Australia can invest in children and return more. 2019. Available: https:\/\/colab.thekids.org.au\/siteassets\/media-docs---colab\/coli\/how-australia-can-invest-in-children-and-return-more----final-bn-not-embargoed.pdf"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy087","article-title":"The impact of multidimensional disadvantage over childhood on developmental outcomes in Australia","volume":"47","author":"Goldfeld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-14-1"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12129","article-title":"Implementing a national approach to universal child and family health services in Australia: professionals\u2019 views of the challenges and opportunities","volume":"23","author":"Schmied","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15374424JCCP3003_2"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000393","article-title":"Toward population impact from early childhood psychological interventions","volume":"73","author":"Dodge","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-3136","article-title":"Rethinking the Definition of Evidence-Based Interventions to Promote Early Childhood Development","volume":"140","author":"Shonkoff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-14-234","article-title":"\u201cAre you available for the next 18 months?\u201d - methods and aims of a longitudinal birth cohort study investigating a universal developmental surveillance program: the \u2018Watch Me Grow\u2019 study","volume":"14","author":"Eapen","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012144","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with parental concerns about development detected by the Parents\u2019 Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS) at 6-month, 12-month and 18-month well-child checks in a birth cohort","volume":"6","author":"Woolfenden","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.13607","article-title":"Maternal help-seeking for child developmental concerns: Associations with socio-demographic factors","volume":"53","author":"Eapen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.18","unstructured":"Demant D , Manton D , Manton J , et al . Health inequities in Australia: a scoping review on the impact of racism on indigenous and other negatively racialised communities\u2019 health outcomes and healthcare access. Australian Human Rights Commission; 2024."},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.19","unstructured":"Law and Justice Foundation of NSW . The complexities of child protection-related legal needs: findings from the LAW survey. 2025 Available: https:\/\/lawfoundation.net.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/JI34-Child-Protection-FINAL.pdf"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116425","article-title":"Connecting Healthcare with Income Maximisation Services: A Systematic Review on the Health, Wellbeing and Financial Impacts for Families with Young Children","volume":"19","author":"Burley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-075651","article-title":"Feasibility of linking universal child and family healthcare and financial counselling: findings from the Australian Healthier Wealthier Families (HWF) mixed-methods study","volume":"13","author":"Price","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-060395","article-title":"Utility of screening for adverse childhood experiences (ACE) in children and young people attending clinical and healthcare settings: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Cibralic","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bronfenbrenner U , Morris PA . The bioecological model of human development. Handbook of Child Psychology 2007;1. doi:10.1002\/9780470147658","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470147658.chpsy0114"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2017.03.007","article-title":"Responding to ACEs With HOPE: Health Outcomes From Positive Experiences","volume":"17","author":"Sege","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-015-0207-6","article-title":"Towards health equity: a framework for the application of proportionate universalism","volume":"14","author":"Carey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2019.01.004","article-title":"Multi-tiered systems of support for preschool-aged children: A review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Shepley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Early Child Res Q"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2014.04.003"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0948"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/16085","article-title":"The Acceptability and Effectiveness of Web-Based Developmental Surveillance Programs: Rapid Review","volume":"8","author":"Baker","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.31128\/AJGP-06-21-6043","article-title":"Consumer and health professional perceptions of Watch Me Grow - Electronic (WMG-E) platform for developmental surveillance in early childhood: A qualitative study","volume":"51","author":"Kohlhoff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aust J Gen Pract"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.22075","article-title":"Patient navigation models for mental health of parents expecting or caring for an infant or young child: A systematic review","volume":"44","author":"Harris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infant Ment Health J"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.32","unstructured":"Edwards K , Gardiner R , Craven S , et al . A new way of working. How place-based sector collaboration improves transition to school. Australian Journal of Community Work 2022;2."},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hodgins M , Ostojic K , Rimes T , et al . The Building Blocks for Successful Hub Implementation for Migrant and Refugee Families and Their Children in the First 2000 Days of Life. Health Expectations 2025;28. doi:10.1111\/hex.70082","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.70082"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.34","unstructured":"lnstitute for Fiscal Studies . The short- and medium-term impacts of sure start on educational outcomes. 2024. Available: https:\/\/ifs.org.uk\/publications\/short-and-medium-term-impacts-sure-start-educational-outcomes"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.35","unstructured":"Biripi Aboriginal Corporation Medical Centre . Nyiirunba Yabang (our path) 2020-2023. Biripi ACMC; 2020."},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.36","unstructured":"Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care . National safety and quality health service standards: user guide for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health. Sydney Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care; 2017."},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.4081\/jphr.2016.667","article-title":"Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Populations in Medical Research: Perceptions and Experiences of Older Italians, Their Families, Ethics Administrators and Researchers","volume":"5","author":"Woodward-Kron","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Public Health Res"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-4-50"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-017-0563-5"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0332790","article-title":"Identifying subgroups with differential levels of service response to a digital screening and service navigation program for unmet social care needs","volume":"21","author":"John","year":"2026","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00770-6","article-title":"SPIRIT 2025 statement: updated guideline for protocols of randomised trials","volume":"405","author":"Chan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-016-0437-z","article-title":"A systematic review of the use of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research","volume":"11","author":"Kirk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Implementation Sci"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-010-0319-7"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732315617444"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2025-004031","article-title":"Codesign and knowledge translation of the Strength-based, Tiered, Accessible Resources and Supports (STARS) for Kids study to identify and support child development, parental mentalwell-being and family psychosocial needs: a mixed-methods research protocol","volume":"10","author":"John","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr Open"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s10882-024-09952-w","article-title":"A Preliminary Trial of an Early Surveillance Program for Autism and Developmental Delays within General Practices","volume":"37","author":"Karlov","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Dev Phys Disabil"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girard EI , Wallace NM , Kohlhoff JR , et al . Parent-child interaction therapy with toddlers. Improving attachment and emotional regulation. 2018.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-93251-4"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.43.5.1170"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-007-0509-7"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2013.07.001"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.2.184"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-0398"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-017-0201-0"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsac030","article-title":"Measuring PROMIS\u00ae Well-Being in Early Childhood","volume":"47","author":"Blackwell","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2012.02595.x","article-title":"Defining the developmental parameters of temper loss in early childhood: implications for developmental psychopathology","volume":"53","author":"Wakschlag","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Psychology Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fabes RA , Eisenberg N , Bernzweig J . Coping with children\u2019s negative emotions scale. Marriage Fam Rev 1990.","DOI":"10.1037\/t36591-000"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.58","unstructured":"Aboriginal Health & Medical Research Council of NSW . NSW aboriginal health ethics guidelines: key principles. 2023. Available: https:\/\/www.ahmrc.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/AHMRC_Health-Ethics-guidelines-2023_01.pdf"},{"key":"2026092908002841000_16.9.e122902.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3286","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.12318","article-title":"Equitable access to developmental surveillance and early intervention--understanding the barriers for children from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds","volume":"18","author":"Woolfenden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Expect"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2026-122902","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:02:04Z","timestamp":1790694124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2026-122902"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2026-122902"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2026-122902","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}}}