{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T13:52:50Z","timestamp":1791553970365,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2026-123343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T13:30:48Z","timestamp":1791552648000},"page":"e123343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Health impacts of US international economic sanctions: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1859-0574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah","family":"Korenstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Schou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marriage and Family Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Lum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meron","family":"Mesgun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Frost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Namdar","family":"Pouradib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9124-9618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salomeh","family":"Keyhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.1","unstructured":"Masters J . What are economic sanctions?council on foreign relations. 2024. Available: https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/backgrounder\/what-are-economic-sanctions"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.2","unstructured":"U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control . Sanctions programs and country information. U.S. Department of the Treasury. Available: https:\/\/ofac.treasury.gov\/sanctions-programs-and-country-information [Accessed 30 Nov 2023]."},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.3","unstructured":"Harrell PE . Has the us reached \"Peak sanctions? Brookings Institution; 2024. Available: https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/20240701_Harrell_Sanctions.pdf"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.4","unstructured":"U.S. Department of the Treasury . The treasury 2021 sanctions review. U.S. Department of the Treasury; 2021. Available: https:\/\/home.treasury.gov\/system\/files\/136\/Treasury-2021-sanctions-review.pdf"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.5","unstructured":"Stein J , Cocco F . How four U.S. presidents unleashed economic warfare across the globe. Washington Post; 2024. Available: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/business\/interactive\/2024\/us-sanction-countries-work\/"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/roie.12724","article-title":"Analyzing the effects of economic sanctions: Recent theory, data, and quantification","volume":"32","author":"Egger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev Int Econ"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-polisci-041322-032240","article-title":"Global Economic Sanctions","volume":"27","author":"Drezner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu Rev Polit Sci"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.8","unstructured":"U.S. Department of the Treasury . Treasury implements historic humanitarian sanctions exceptions. U.S. Department of the Treasury; 2022. Available: https:\/\/home.treasury.gov\/news\/press-releases\/jy1175"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)63809-3","article-title":"Noble Peace Prize","volume":"350","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.10","unstructured":"American Medical Association . Assessing the humanitarian impact of sanctions h-65.945. American Medical Association; 2022. Available: https:\/\/policysearch.ama-assn.org\/policyfinder\/detail\/economic%20sanctions?uri=%2FAMADoc%2FHOD.xml-H-65.945.xml"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-132-2-200001180-00013","article-title":"The health effects of economic sanctions and embargoes: the role of health professionals. Ethics and Human Rights Committee","volume":"132","author":"Morin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.13813","article-title":"Effects of the international economic sanctions on access to medicine of the Iranian people: A systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Asadi-Pooya","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.13","first-page":"20","article-title":"The Impact of the US Economic Sanctions on Health in Cuba","volume":"2","author":"Roshan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Resistive Econ"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-010968","article-title":"The impact of economic sanctions on health and health systems in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and narrative synthesis","volume":"8","author":"Pinna Pintor","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.16","unstructured":"Hufbauer GC , Oegg B . The impact of economic sanctions on us trade: andrew rose\u2019s gravity model. Peterson Institute for International Economics; 2003. Available: https:\/\/ideas.repec.org\/p\/iie\/pbrief\/pb03-4.html"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/00220388.2020.1746277","article-title":"Sanctioned to Death? The Impact of Economic Sanctions on Life Expectancy and its Gender Gap","volume":"57","author":"Gutmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dev Stud"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/21665095.2022.2032237","article-title":"An investigation of relationship between global economic sanction and life expectancy: do financial and institutional system matter?","volume":"9","author":"Ha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Development Studies Research"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e820","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(25)00058-0","article-title":"The impact of aid sanctions on maternal and child mortality, 1990\u20132019: a panel analysis","volume":"13","author":"Gibson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1358","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(25)00189-5","article-title":"Effects of international sanctions on age-specific mortality: a cross-national panel data analysis","volume":"13","author":"Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-8594.2011.00136.x"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.22","first-page":"23","article-title":"The Humanitarian Impact of Economic Sanctions","volume":"34","author":"Petrescu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Europolity"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.2727","article-title":"Economic sanctions and child HIV","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Plann Manag"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-024-01084-2","article-title":"Impacts of economic sanctions on population health and health system: a study at national and sub-national levels from 2000 to 2020 in Iran","volume":"20","author":"Mohamadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Global Health"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.26719\/2018.24.1.42","article-title":"Impact of economic sanctions on access to noncommunicable diseases medicines in the Islamic Republic of Iran","volume":"24","author":"Kheirandish","year":"2018","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2014.12.011","article-title":"The effects of economic sanctions on disease specific clinical outcomes of patients with thalassemia and hemophilia in Iran","volume":"119","author":"Karimi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-015-0545-6","article-title":"Drug adherence of patients with epilepsy in Iran: the effects of the international economic sanctions","volume":"116","author":"Asadi-Pooya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.28","first-page":"567","article-title":"The Impact of the Sanctions Made Against Iran on Availability to Asthma Medicines in Tehran","volume":"15","author":"Ghiasi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran J Pharm Res"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.29","first-page":"495","article-title":"The Effect of Economic Sanctions on Treatment of Thalassemia Major Referring to Selected Medical Centers in Fars Province","volume":"12","author":"Marzieh","year":"2020","journal-title":"ijpr"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2019.04.011","article-title":"Impacts of the international economic sanctions on Iranian patients with epilepsy","volume":"95","author":"Asadi-Pooya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afesorgbor SK . Sanctioned to starve? the impact of economic sanctions on food security in targeted states. In: Van Bergeijk PAG , ed. Research Handbook on Economic Sanctions. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021: 438\u201366.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3660536"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.07.002","article-title":"The impact of international sanctions on food security and Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG-2)","volume":"235","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.33","first-page":"651","article-title":"The Effects of the Re-imposition of US Sanctions on Food Security in Iran","volume":"11","author":"Hejazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Health Policy Manag"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980021000318","article-title":"Determinants of household vulnerability to food insecurity during COVID-19 lockdown in a mid-term period in Iran","volume":"24","author":"Pakravan-Charvadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.11.033","article-title":"Economic Sanctions Could Endanger the Health of MS Patients","volume":"37","author":"Eskandarieh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.36","first-page":"15","article-title":"Economic sanctions against Iran as an important factor in threatening the health of patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Sahraian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr J Neurol"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-023-00348-8","article-title":"Economic barriers and gaps to reach the desirable consumption of salt, sugar, and fat in Iran: a qualitative study","volume":"42","author":"Amerzadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1177\/00219096231192319","article-title":"Why Sanctions Termination Doesn\u2019t Put an End to Humanitarian Crises: The Case of Sudan","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Asian Afr Stud"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eap.2024.03.005","article-title":"The impact of economic sanctions on the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"82","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Econ Anal Policy"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1057\/s41271-019-00173-6","article-title":"Economic sanctions and HIV\/AIDS in women","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Public Health Policy"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.26719\/2004.10.1-2.6","article-title":"Hepatitis B infection among Iraqi children: the impact of sanctions","volume":"10","author":"Ali","year":"2004","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2024.101723","article-title":"Barriers to child vaccination: The role of international sanctions","volume":"28","author":"Ko","year":"2024","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039892","article-title":"Childhood atopic diseases and early life circumstances: an ecological study in Cuba","volume":"7","author":"van der Werff","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2015.978673","article-title":"Economic Sanctions Against Iran, and Drug Use in Tehran, Iran: A 2013 Pilot Study","volume":"50","author":"Deilamizade","year":"2015","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19750-w","article-title":"Direct and indirect effects of economic sanctions on health: a systematic narrative literature review","volume":"24","author":"Yazdi-Feyzabadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1177\/22925503241302750","article-title":"The Role of Medical Doctors in Political Advocacy Across the Globe","volume":"34","author":"Rogers","year":"2026","journal-title":"Plast Surg (Oakv)"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/pech.12450","article-title":"Diagnosing the Nation: Scientists, Mothers, and Physicians Confront Nuclear Testing and Civil Defense Through Medical Activism, 1958\u20131963","volume":"46","author":"Whitehurst","year":"2021","journal-title":"Peace & Change"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1407373"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.24984","article-title":"Trust in Physicians and Hospitals During the COVID-19 Pandemic in a 50-State Survey of US Adults","volume":"7","author":"Perlis","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.50","unstructured":"Boyon N . Doctors are the most trusted profession in the u.s. and across the world. Ipsos; 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.ipsos.com\/en-us\/news-polls\/global-trustworthy-index-US-version"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1215\/03616878-11075562","article-title":"Polarization, the Pandemic, and Public Trust in Health System Actors","volume":"49","author":"Del Ponte","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Health Polit Policy Law"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2008.019240"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-5362.343081","article-title":"Policies and measures implemented to reduce the impact of international sanctions on Iran\u2019s pharmaceutical sector","volume":"17","author":"Emami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2478.2008.00512.x"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.55","unstructured":"Hufbauer GC , Schott JJ , Elliott KA , et al . Economic Sanctions Reconsidered 3rd ed. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2007."},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpoleco.2015.09.001","article-title":"The impact of UN and US economic sanctions on GDP growth","volume":"40","author":"Neuenkirch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Polit Econ"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s10680-005-6851-6","article-title":"Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths","volume":"21","author":"Lacina","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Population"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.58","first-page":"455","article-title":"The Effect of Political-Economic Sanctions Levied on the Catastrophic Health Expenditures Imposed on Patients with Multiple Sclerosis in Iran","volume":"14","author":"Gharibi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iran J War Public Health"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-21221-1","article-title":"Addressing childhood obesity in Iran: exploring a multifaceted conceptual model in a low\/middle income country through stakeholder lens","volume":"25","author":"Toorang","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-024-02335-9","article-title":"The impact of economic sanctions on cancer diagnosis and treatment in Iran: a qualitative study","volume":"23","author":"Haghjou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09006-8","article-title":"Control of antimicrobial resistance in Iran: the role of international factors","volume":"20","author":"Mehtarpour","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahabi S , Teymourlouy AA , Shabaninejad H , et al . Physical rehabilitation in Iran after international sanctions: explored findings from a qualitative study. Global Health 2020;16. doi:10.1186\/s12992-020-00618-8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-020-00618-8"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azami S , Hosseini SM , Alimohammadzadeh K , et al . International Sanctions and the Procurement of Medical Equipment in Iran: A Qualitative Study. Med J Islam Republ Iran 2021;35. doi:10.47176\/mjiri.35.180","DOI":"10.47176\/mjiri.35.180"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-06447-8","article-title":"Physical rehabilitation financing in Iran: a policy analysis using Kingdon\u2019s multiple streams","volume":"21","author":"Shahabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.65","first-page":"152","article-title":"Challenge of Politico-Economic Sanctions on Pharmaceutical Procurement in Iran: A Qualitative Study","volume":"47","author":"Bastani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran J Med Sci"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.66","first-page":"48","article-title":"Financing of Rare Diseases and Orphan Drugs in A Sanctioned Country: A Qualitative Study","volume":"36","author":"Naghdi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med J Islam Repub Iran"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-024-10786-7","article-title":"The experiences and perceptions of people with chronic and rare diseases during political-economic sanctions in Iran: a qualitative study","volume":"24","author":"Kiani","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1108\/IJHRH-07-2021-0151","article-title":"The impacts of economic sanctions on the performance of hospitals in Iran: implications for human rights","volume":"17","author":"Karami Matin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Hum Rights Healthc"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.ijpvm_43_22","article-title":"The Impact of Economic Sanctions on Health and Strategies for Mitigation: A Glance at the Case of Iran","volume":"16","author":"Mohammadshahi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"2026100906302707000_16.10.e123343.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-025-12501-6","article-title":"Effects of economic sanctions on cancer care for patients in Iran: a qualitative study","volume":"25","author":"Nazari","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2026-123343","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T13:30:56Z","timestamp":1791552656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2026-123343"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2026-123343"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2026-123343","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}}}