{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:58:30Z","timestamp":1791295110130,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and associated factors among adults with hypertension attending a tertiary cardiac clinic in Tanzania.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hospital-based cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tertiary cardiac outpatient clinic in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 162 adults aged \u226518 years with documented hypertension attending follow-up care from 15 June to 30 July 2024 were recruited using simple random sampling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary outcome was study-defined CKD, classified from available records as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)&lt;60\u2009mL\/min\/1.73 m\u00b2 and\/or urine dipstick proteinuria \u22651+. Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) and confirmation of persistence for \u22653 months were not available for all participants. Factors associated with CKD were assessed using crude and multivariable logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 162 hypertensive patients, 34 met the study-defined CKD criteria, giving a prevalence of 21.0% (95% CI 15.4% to 27.9%). Median serum creatinine was 94 \u00b5mol\/L (IQR 77\u2013122; range 48\u2013286)\u2009and median eGFR was 77 mL\/min\/1.73 m\u00b2 (IQR 62\u201392; range 19\u2013118); 29 (17.9%) participants had eGFR &lt;60\u2009mL\/min\/1.73 m\u00b2. Diabetes was independently associated with CKD (adjusted OR 3.257, 95% CI 1.167 to 9.091, p=0.024). Uncontrolled hypertension was not statistically associated with CKD after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.330, 95% CI 0.546 to 3.236, p=0.531); age, sex and education level were also not significant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Study-defined CKD was identified in about one-fifth of this tertiary-clinic hypertensive sample, and diabetes was the only independent factor identified. The estimate should be interpreted cautiously because the study was single-centre and full Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes confirmation using chronicity and UACR was not available for all participants. Multicentre studies using repeated eGFR and quantitative albuminuria assessment are needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2026-125419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:20:50Z","timestamp":1791292850000},"page":"e125419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence and associated factors of chronic kidney disease among hypertensive patients attending cardiac clinic at a tertiary hospital in Tanzania: a hospital-based cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jamila A","family":"Mwinyimvua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Manyara Regional Referral Hospital, Manyara, Tanzania, United Republic of"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0459-2478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedicto T","family":"Mgala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Nursing, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences School of Nursing, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, United Republic of"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline G","family":"Shoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, United Republic of"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia S","family":"Sanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Nursing, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences School of Nursing, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, United Republic of"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menti Lastone","family":"Ndile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Nursing, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences School of Nursing, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, United Republic of"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100606203282000_16.10.e125419.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJNRD.S39739"},{"key":"2026100606203282000_16.10.e125419.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2021.03.014","article-title":"Patient Awareness of CKD: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Patient-Oriented Questions and Study Setting","volume":"3","author":"Chu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Med"},{"key":"2026100606203282000_16.10.e125419.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1159\/000531379","article-title":"Chronic Kidney Disease and Obesity","volume":"147","author":"Hojs","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"2026100606203282000_16.10.e125419.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-020-02151-7","article-title":"The impact of hypertension on chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease is greater in men than women: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Weldegiorgis","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"2026100606203282000_16.10.e125419.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30045-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"395","author":"Bikbov","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2026100606203282000_16.10.e125419.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158765","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Hill","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026100606203282000_16.10.e125419.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.KINT.2023.10.018"},{"key":"2026100606203282000_16.10.e125419.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020030277"},{"key":"2026100606203282000_16.10.e125419.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.10.012"},{"key":"2026100606203282000_16.10.e125419.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5515832","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5515832","article-title":"Prevalence and Associated Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease among Adult Hypertensive Patients at Northwest Amhara Referral Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020","volume":"2021","author":"Hunegnaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Hypertens"},{"key":"2026100606203282000_16.10.e125419.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weldetensae MK , Geberemedhin M , Gebreselassie M , et al . 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