{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T08:22:24Z","timestamp":1787818944825,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,6]],"date-time":"2020-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578268800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open Ophth"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Topic<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This paper reviews the ocular side effects of medications used in the treatment of rheumatological conditions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rheumatic diseases are inflammatory conditions that may affect the skin, blood vessels, joints, muscles and internal organs. Immunosuppressive agents are often used as treatment and while powerful, they carry side effects and toxicities that need careful monitoring. Ophthalmic complications have been reported with the use of antirheumatic medications; however, there is a lack of literature synthesising these reports. This paper addresses this gap and hopes to inform both rheumatologists and ophthalmologists as they work together on the management of patients with rheumatological conditions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>PubMed literature search was conducted from November to September 2019 searching for ocular side effects with the use of 25 rheumatological drugs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 111 papers were included in this review. Adverse side effects were divided into non-infectious and infectious causes. Traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) were associated with pruritus, irritation and dryness of the conjunctiva while biologic DMARDS showed reports of new-onset\/recurrent uveitis and demyelinating conditions. Infectious side effects included episodes of cytomegalovirus retinitis, toxoplasmic chorioretinitis and endophthalmitis. Other serious side effects were encountered and included in this review.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The goal of this paper is to inform healthcare providers about potential ocular side effects from rheumatological medications. Healthcare providers are encouraged to learn more about these ophthalmic complications and find relevance within their clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2019-000331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]],"date-time":"2020-01-08T05:55:11Z","timestamp":1578462911000},"page":"e000331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Ocular side effects of antirheumatic medications: a qualitative review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Clara","family":"M Castillejo Becerra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Kenol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Hendershot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8406-3556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexa Simon","family":"Meara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.058"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(18)30318-8"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1991.00400070083009"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.2.277"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjebm-2017-110853","article-title":"Methodological quality and synthesis of case series and case reports","volume":"23","author":"Murad","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1981.tb04904.x","article-title":"Azathioprine","volume":"20","author":"Ahmed","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2015.21.227.7489","article-title":"R\u00e9tinite cytom\u00e9galovirus chez un patient atteint de rectocolite h\u00e9morragique sous azathioprine [CMV retinitis in a patient with ulcerative colitis taking azathioprine]","volume":"21","author":"Ammari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000521","article-title":"Ocular toxoplasmosis reactivation in a patient with inflammatory bowel disease under treatment with azathioprine","volume":"50","author":"Puga","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19811115)48:10<2158::AID-CNCR2820481007>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Ocular irritation from high-dose methotrexate therapy: pharmacokinetics of drug in the tear film","volume":"48","author":"Doroshow","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2017.10.028","article-title":"Effectiveness and toxicity of first-line methotrexate chemotherapy in low-risk postmolar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: The New England Trophoblastic Disease Center experience","volume":"148","author":"Maest\u00e1","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)75642-9","article-title":"Bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia after intrathecal chemotherapy and cranial irradiation","volume":"92","author":"Lepore","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00160135","article-title":"Visual field defects during low-dose methotrexate therapy","volume":"79","author":"Johansson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.13","first-page":"164","article-title":"Visual field changes in methotrexate therapy. Case report and review of the literature","volume":"54","author":"Sbeity","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Med Liban"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-9071.2002.00578.x","article-title":"Methotrexate-Induced optic neuropathy","volume":"30","author":"Balachandran","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WNO.0000166061.73483.CE","article-title":"Reversible optic neuropathy associated with low-dose methotrexate therapy","volume":"25","author":"Clare","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-4182(05)80050-X","article-title":"Primary intraocular lymphoma arising during methotrexate treatment of temporal arteritis","volume":"40","author":"Rizkalla","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-016-0439-z","article-title":"Methotrexate-associated orbital lymphoproliferative disorder in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis: a case report","volume":"60","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.04.035"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.19","first-page":"611","article-title":"[A case of intraocular lymphoma having retinal adverse events associated with intravitreal methotrexate]","volume":"115","author":"Kuroiwa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.10.012","article-title":"Cotton wool spots as an indicator of methotrexate-induced blood dyscrasia","volume":"81","author":"Klemencic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Optometry"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3182910106","article-title":"Toxic corneal epitheliopathy after intravitreal methotrexate and its treatment with oral folic acid","volume":"32","author":"Gorovoy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0162-3109(00)00188-0"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31828b91e6","article-title":"In vitro evidence for mycophenolic acid dose-related cytotoxicity in human retinal cells","volume":"33","author":"Zacharias","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.59.11.841"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh005"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198912213212507"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2017.1306083","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus anterior uveitis following topical cyclosporine A","volume":"26","author":"Siak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.28","first-page":"465","article-title":"Ocular and visual side effects of systemic cyclosporine","volume":"24","author":"Apaydin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-5155(03)00020-0","article-title":"Influence of cyclosporin on steroid-induced cataracts after renal transplantation","volume":"47","author":"Nakamura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-005-0070-8"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.6.809","article-title":"Eye movement abnormality associated with cyclosporin","volume":"70","author":"Openshaw","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200544110-00003"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197907)44:1<69::AID-CNCR2820440113>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Blurring of vision. A previously undescribed complication of cyclophosphamide therapy","volume":"44","author":"Kende","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07357909009012068"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.35","first-page":"438","article-title":"Lacrimal duct stenosis and other ocular toxicity associated with adjuvant cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil combination chemotherapy for early stage breast cancer","volume":"13","author":"Stevens","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20637"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200009)43:9<1941::AID-ANR4>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2003.00136.x","article-title":"Drug-induced bilateral transient myopia with the sulphonamide sulphasalazine","volume":"23","author":"Santodomingo-Rubido","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oph Phys Optics"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2015-000239","article-title":"Paradoxical reactions under TNF-\u03b1 blocking agents and other biological agents given for chronic immune-mediated diseases: an analytical and comprehensive overview","volume":"2","author":"Toussirot","year":"2016","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.004"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.05.005"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.42","first-page":"645","article-title":"Sarcoid-related uveitis occurring during etanercept therapy","volume":"21","author":"Hashkes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-009-0691-6"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.44","first-page":"bcr2013200552","article-title":"Sarcoid panuveitis associated with etanercept treatment, resolving with adalimumab","volume":"2013","author":"Dragnev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Reports"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2011.623213"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0b013e3181efa190"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000000200","article-title":"Orbital sarcoid-like granulomatosis after inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1","volume":"32","author":"Wladis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.110865"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21814"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-013-2419-8"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.2251","article-title":"Novel variant of Miller Fisher syndrome occurring with tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 antagonist therapy","volume":"72","author":"Ratnarajan","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.066787"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.06.023"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2003.036954"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.55","first-page":"201","article-title":"A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of infliximab in subjects with active pulmonary sarcoidosis","volume":"23","author":"Rossman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2008.001741.x"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2010.496914"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3109\/09273972.2014.999796","article-title":"Internuclear ophthalmoplegia associated with anti-TNF\u03b1 medication","volume":"23","author":"Drury","year":"2015","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2012.03.015"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.12158","article-title":"Central retinal vein occlusion and subsequent neovascular glaucoma after adalimumab treatment for psoriasis","volume":"39","author":"Hsu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-015-0047-6","article-title":"Systemic adalimumab induces peripheral corneal infiltrates: a case report","volume":"15","author":"Matet","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0000000000000499","article-title":"Acute retinal necrosis after administration of adalimumab, a systemic antitumor necrosis factor antibody","volume":"12","author":"Schechet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retin Cases Brief Rep"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3109\/15569527.2010.533317","article-title":"Necrotizing group A streptococcal periorbital infection following adalimumab therapy for rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"30","author":"Roos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cutan Ocul Toxicol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.64","article-title":"Sinogenic intracranial complications: is adalimumab a culprit?","volume":"2018","author":"Kofoed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Reports"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.65","first-page":"136","article-title":"Orbital myositis in a rheumatoid arthritis patient during etanercept treatment","volume":"21","author":"Caramaschi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2014.03.003","article-title":"Acute ocular myositis occurring under etanercept for rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"81","author":"Couderc","year":"2014","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.51.8243","article-title":"Angioedema of the periorbital region that developed during treatment with etanercept in a case of refractory adult-onset Still's disease","volume":"51","author":"Kato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-018-0832-0","article-title":"Highly suspected primary intraocular lymphoma in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with etanercept: a case report","volume":"18","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3109\/01676830.2011.603453","article-title":"Postoperative eyelid infection in a patient taking etanercept","volume":"30","author":"Yakopson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2011.623212"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2010.07.005","article-title":"Uv\u00e9ite unilat\u00e9rale avec polymerase chain reaction positive pour HHV6 dans l\u2019humeur aqueuse chez une patiente sous \u00e9tanercept : propos d\u2019un cas [Unilateral uveitis with HHV6-positive polymerase chain reaction in aqueous humor for an etanercept-treated woman: a case report]","volume":"33","author":"Gl\u00e2tre","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Fr Ophtalmol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6703100","article-title":"Bilateral Candida chorioretinitis following etanercept treatment for hidradenitis suppurativa","volume":"22","author":"Arriola-Villalobos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2006.08.004"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/01676830.2017.1353118","article-title":"Eyelid Merkel cell carcinoma in a patient treated with golimumab","volume":"37","author":"Hanafi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07368.x"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e3282f376ac"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2010.04526.x","article-title":"Central retinal vein occlusion following infliximab treatment for plaque-type psoriasis","volume":"49","author":"Vergou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27492011000300015","article-title":"Oclus\u00e3o de ramo venoso da retina associado ao uso de infliximabe: relato de caso [Branch retinal vein occlusion following infliximab treatment: case report]","volume":"74","author":"Diniz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arq Bras Oftalmol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/425123"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000436952.88522.77","article-title":"Sight-threatening keratopathy complicating anti-TNF therapy in Crohn\u2019s disease: a case report","volume":"20","author":"Madill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/425123"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.11.017","article-title":"Orbital cellulitis in a patient receiving infliximab for ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"141","author":"Roos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.31951","article-title":"Endogenous endophthalmitis in a rheumatoid patient on tumor necrosis factor alpha blocker","volume":"55","author":"Agarwal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-017-0532-4","article-title":"Endophthalmitis associated with Purpureocillium lilacinum during infliximab treatment for surgically induced necrotizing scleritis, successfully treated with 27-gauge vitrectomy","volume":"38","author":"Yoshida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34409"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.86","unstructured":"Heissigerov\u00e1 J , Callanan D , de Smet MD , et al . Efficacy and safety of sarilumab for the treatment of posterior segment noninfectious uveitis (SARIL-NIU): the phase 2 SATURN study. Ophthalmology 2018:pii: S0161-6420(18)30474-3."},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.100737","article-title":"Ophthalmic herpes zoster infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were treated with tocilizumab","volume":"38","author":"Roux","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000006021","article-title":"Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with biologics may exacerbate HTLV-1-associated conditions","volume":"96","author":"Terada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39940","article-title":"Anti-Interleukin-6 receptor tocilizumab for severe juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis refractory to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: a multicenter study of twenty-five patients","volume":"69","author":"Calvo-R\u00edo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.90","first-page":"149","article-title":"Fulminant bilateral papilloedema during low-dose steroid taper in a child with systemic idiopathic arthritis treated with tocilizumab","volume":"35","author":"Burstzyn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.91","unstructured":"Stelara . Ustekinumab [package insert]. Bloomington, IN: Janssen Biotech, Inc, 2016."},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S67534","article-title":"Targeting of interleukin-17 in the treatment of psoriasis","volume":"7","author":"L\u00f8nnberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2017-219296","article-title":"Endogenous endophthalmitis and osteomyelitis associated with interleukin 17 inhibitor treatment for psoriasis in a patient with diabetes","volume":"56","author":"Martinez","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2010.01.011"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2014.999377","article-title":"Rituximab and acute retinal necrosis in a patient with scleromalacia and rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"24","author":"Schuler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_811_17","article-title":"Progressive outer retinal necrosis after rituximab and cyclophosphamide therapy","volume":"66","author":"Dogra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1K163"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.98","first-page":"90","article-title":"Macular oedema following rituximab infusion in two patients with Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis","volume":"28","author":"Bussone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-014-2296-5","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus retinitis complicating combination therapy with rituximab and fludarabine","volume":"94","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.1.3.1","article-title":"Efficacy and complications of intravitreal rituximab injection for treating primary vitreoretinal lymphoma","volume":"1","author":"Hashida","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncprheum0345"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3109\/14397595.2014.951144","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of abatacept for patients with Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome associated with rheumatoid arthritis: rheumatoid arthritis with orencia trial toward Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome Endocrinopathy (ROSE) trial\u2014an open-label, one-year, prospective study\u2014interim analysis of 32 patients for 24 weeks","volume":"25","author":"Tsuboi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Modern Rheumatology"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-213225","article-title":"Update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of Beh\u00e7et\u2019s syndrome","volume":"2018","author":"Hatemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.104","first-page":"1","article-title":"The results of interferon-alpha treatment in Beh\u00e7et uveitis","volume":"4","author":"Sullu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-018-04209-7","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b1-induced retinopathy in chronic hepatitis C treatment: summary, considerations, and recommendations","volume":"257","author":"Rentiya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-018-1913-7","article-title":"Episcleritis in a patient with mucosal melanoma treated with interferon alfa-2b and radiotherapy: a case report","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2014.06.008","article-title":"[Bilateral non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy during treatment of viral hepatitis C with pegylated interferon and ribavirin]","volume":"38","author":"Iferkhass","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Fr Ophtalmol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/2050-6511-15-56","article-title":"A case of classic neuromyelitis optica (Devic\u2019s syndrome) triggered by pegylated-interferon \u03b1","volume":"15","author":"Mangioni","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4321\/S1130-01082013000500007"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.51.7771"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2012.26.2.147","article-title":"Pegylated interferon-associated severe retinopathy in a patient with chronic hepatitis","volume":"26","author":"Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Korean J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2011-0324"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.113","first-page":"251","article-title":"Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in a patient with hepatitis C treated with interferon-alpha and ribavirin","volume":"13","author":"Knyazer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.60088","article-title":"Cystoid macular edema and visual loss as sequelae to interferon alpha treatment of systemic hepatitis C","volume":"58","author":"Sheth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3350\/kjhep.2011.17.1.61","article-title":"Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease occurring during PEGylated interferon-\u03b12b and ribavirin combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C","volume":"17","author":"Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Korean J Hepatol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181b99cf0","article-title":"Ophthalmologic complications in children with chronic hepatitis C treated with pegylated interferon","volume":"51","author":"Narkewicz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27492011000400017","article-title":"Literature systematic review on the ophthalmological side effects of interferons","volume":"74","author":"Fragoso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arq Bras Oftalmol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.5935\/0004-2749.20140045","article-title":"Ophthalmologic findings in hepatitis C patients treated with pegylated interferon \u03b1-2b and ribavirin","volume":"77","author":"Novelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arq Bras Oftalmol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.04071.x","article-title":"Interferon-Induced retinopathy and its risk in patients with diabetes and hypertension undergoing treatment for chronic hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"30","author":"Panetta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1097\/01.coc.0000227526.96319.50","article-title":"Ischemic optic neuropathy associated with low-dose interferon alfa: report of two cases","volume":"32","author":"Rodney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i22.3137","article-title":"Intraocular complications of IFN-\u03b1 and ribavirin therapy in patients with chronic viral hepatitis C","volume":"13","author":"S\u00e8ne","year":"2007","journal-title":"WJG"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.110494"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4908","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i30.4908","article-title":"Retinal vein thrombosis associated with pegylated-interferon and ribavirin combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C","volume":"12","author":"Zandieh","year":"2006","journal-title":"WJG"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4602","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i28.4602","article-title":"Branch retinal vein thrombosis and visual loss probably associated with pegylated interferon therapy of chronic hepatitis C","volume":"12","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2006","journal-title":"WJG"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.44.682","article-title":"Unilateral oculomotor nerve palsy induced by combination therapy of interferon-\u03b12b and ribavirin","volume":"44","author":"Nakamura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.78.3.238-a","article-title":"Development of neovascular glaucoma in the course of interferon alfa therapy for hepatitis type C","volume":"78","author":"Ayaki","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.33.637","article-title":"Abducent nerve paralysis during interferon alpha-2a therapy in a case of chronic active hepatitis C","volume":"33","author":"Fukumoto","year":"1994","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2001.42.1.134"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.2.247"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203309360539"},{"key":"2025090110020424000_5.1.e000331.131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kes114"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjophth-2019-000331","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T17:02:21Z","timestamp":1756746141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjophth.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjophth-2019-000331"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":131,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjophth-2019-000331"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjophth-2019-000331","relation":{},"ISSN":["2397-3269"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2397-3269","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}}}