{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T12:14:01Z","timestamp":1783426441345,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open Qual"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Social determinants of health (SDH), non-medical factors that shape health and care access, play a critical role in perioperative safety and surgical outcomes. However, anaesthesiology residency programmes often lack structured training on communicating about and addressing SDH during routine clinical encounters. We developed a simulation-based curriculum to enhance anaesthesiology trainees\u2019 preparedness in recognising and responding to SDH-related challenges in perioperative care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An educational intervention consisting of three simulated perioperative case scenarios was integrated into an existing residency training course. Standardised patients were used to recreate realistic social and clinical challenges encountered in preoperative clinic, obstetric and paediatric settings. Sessions were followed by facilitated debriefings including the acting resident, observing peers, and a simulation faculty member to reflect on performance and key learning points. Post-simulation surveys assessed residents\u2019 perceived confidence, communication skills and awareness of institutional support resources related to SDH. Quantitative responses were summarised using descriptive statistics, and open-ended items elicited qualitative feedback.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>42 anaesthesiology residents participated in this pilot. Following the intervention, residents reported increased confidence engaging patients and caregivers in discussions about social needs, improved familiarity with resource pathways such as social work and care coordination, and improved preparedness for sensitive conversations. Participants described the scenarios as authentic, relevant to clinical practice and valuable for observing peer communication approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This pilot project suggests that simulation may be a feasible and acceptable approach for introducing SDH-focused communication training in anaesthesiology education. Integrating realistic scenarios into perioperative curricula may help residents develop skills needed to identify social barriers and collaborate with interdisciplinary partners to promote equitable care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjoq-2025-004094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T11:19:33Z","timestamp":1783423173000},"page":"e004094","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Addressing social determinants of health in anaesthesiology: a series of simulation cases for resident trainees"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1920-9595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrina J","family":"Hon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Boornazian Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaryn Sophia","family":"Toles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8427-9118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle R","family":"Pitchon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0322-0071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mindy","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3571-0788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda H","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennnifer","family":"Dominguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1044-8464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reade","family":"Tillman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, 60th Medical Group, David C. Grant Medical Center, Fairfield, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4316-2897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070704151684000_15.3.e004094.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.50825","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in receipt of general anesthesia for cesarean delivery","volume":"7","author":"Thomas","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026070704151684000_15.3.e004094.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2024.111412","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in regional anesthesia in the United States: a narrative review","volume":"94","author":"Qiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"2026070704151684000_15.3.e004094.3","article-title":"Racial disparities in anesthesia care: a systematic review of pain management and patient outcomes","volume":"16","author":"Alhaj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2026070704151684000_15.3.e004094.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anclin.2024.07.005","article-title":"Racial disparities in pediatric anesthesia: an updated review","volume":"43","author":"Elizabeth Baetzel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anesthesiol Clin"},{"key":"2026070704151684000_15.3.e004094.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-018-0279-x","article-title":"Effects of interprofessional education for medical and nursing students: enablers, barriers and expectations for optimizing future interprofessional collaboration - a qualitative study","volume":"17","author":"Homeyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Nurs"},{"key":"2026070704151684000_15.3.e004094.6","first-page":"41","article-title":"Who's in our neighborhood? Healthcare disparities experiential education for residents","volume":"16","author":"Patow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ochsner J"},{"key":"2026070704151684000_15.3.e004094.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000001581"},{"key":"2026070704151684000_15.3.e004094.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnab289","article-title":"Designing actionable solutions and curriculum for pain disparities education","volume":"23","author":"Adams","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Medicine"},{"key":"2026070704151684000_15.3.e004094.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.0297","article-title":"Association of a health equity curriculum with medical students' knowledge of social determinants of health and confidence in working with underserved populations","volume":"4","author":"Denizard-Thompson","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026070704151684000_15.3.e004094.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-25-00013.1","article-title":"Scoping review of simulation-based training for social determinants of health within residency programs","volume":"17","author":"Tunell","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Grad Med Educ"},{"key":"2026070704151684000_15.3.e004094.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2004.01739.x"},{"key":"2026070704151684000_15.3.e004094.12","unstructured":"Association of American Medical Colleges . MedEdPORTAL: the journal of teaching and learning resources. Available: https:\/\/www.mededportal.org [Accessed 15 Apr 2026]."},{"key":"2026070704151684000_15.3.e004094.13","unstructured":"Crabtree BF , Miller WL , eds. Primary care research: a multimethod typology and qualitative roadmap. In: Doing qualitative research. 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