{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T21:39:02Z","timestamp":1787953142510,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722297600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["847465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["847465"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["bmjph"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and tuberculosis (TB) impose a substantial economic burden globally. This systematic review summarised the evidence on the costs of COPD, including post-TB diseases in low- and middle-income countries.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A systematic review was conducted and studies published between 1 January 2013 and 28 March 2022 (the date of the search) were identified using various electronic databases without language restrictions. Titles, abstracts and full texts were screened in duplicate and data were extracted and verified by reviewers. Eligible studies were categorised as cost analysis and\/or economic burden studies, and costs were converted to 2021 United State dollar. Meta-analysis was conducted on the costs of hospitalisations, medication and outpatient visits.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>128 cost studies and 65 economic burden studies were included in this review. The data collected are presented in the Cost Database of COPD and Post-TB (CD-CPTB). The majority of studies were from Asia, Eastern Europe and Latin America, with a few from other middle-income countries. There were extremely limited data on the costs of post-TB sequelae and only a few studies were from Africa (n=6) and low-income (n=5) countries. The direct medical costs of COPD ranged from $26 per hospitalisation in India to $2694 per year per patient with severe disease in Mexico, while the costs of acute exacerbation of COPD ranged from $137 to $4207 per exacerbation with both the minimum and maximum costs occurring in Turkey. The costs were lower in lower middle-income countries compared with upper middle-income countries. Finally, considerable economic burden was attributable to smoking and air pollution.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The review and the CD-CPTB database give a thorough snapshot of the current evidence of the costs and economic burden of COPD and post-TB diseases. Future research is needed to investigate the economic impact after TB treatment and should be prioritised in Africa and low-income countries where there has been a lack of data collection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Protocol registration number<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>CRD42022326609.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2023-000441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T08:21:52Z","timestamp":1722414112000},"page":"e000441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and post-tuberculosis sequelae in low- and middle-income countries: a database compiled from a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Yuling","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Global Health, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marguerite","family":"Batta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sierra","family":"Ottilie-Kovelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"Health Policy and Management, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Duchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Curdin","family":"Brugger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Keiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Global Health, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert S","family":"Wallis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Aurum Institute, Parktown, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Reither","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Tediosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0235-6030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Antillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.1","unstructured":"Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease . 2022 global strategy for prevention, diagnosis and management of COPD. 2022. Available: https:\/\/goldcopd.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/GOLD-REPORT-2022-v1.1-22Nov2021_WMV.pdf"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/152.5_Pt_2.S78"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6077.1645"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.4","first-page":"703","article-title":"Worldwide burden of COPD in high-and low-income countries. Part I. The Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) initiative. [State of the art series. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in high-and low-income countries. Edited by G. Marks and M. Chan-Yeung]","volume":"12","author":"Buist","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61303-9"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02325-2014"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037978","article-title":"Pulmonary tuberculosis and delay in anti-tuberculous treatment are important risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00083507"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-2949"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0077-2017","article-title":"Tuberculosis and lung damage: from epidemiology to pathophysiology","volume":"27","author":"Ravimohan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.12.016"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1679","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00367-3","article-title":"Lifetime burden of disease due to incident tuberculosis: a global reappraisal including post-tuberculosis sequelae","volume":"9","author":"Menzies","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30309-3","article-title":"Long-term all-cause mortality in people treated for tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Romanowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30039-4","article-title":"Post-tuberculosis mortality and morbidity: valuing the hidden epidemic","volume":"8","author":"Quaife","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00193413"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.11.0193","article-title":"The economic burden of tuberculosis care for patients and households in Africa: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Ukwaja","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1372","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00299-0","article-title":"Economic impact of tuberculosis mortality in 120 countries and the cost of not achieving the sustainable development goals tuberculosis targets: a full-income analysis","volume":"9","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.18","unstructured":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation . GBD compare. 2019. Available: https:\/\/vizhub.healthdata.org\/gbd-compare\/ [Accessed 13 May 2024]."},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-069679","article-title":"Burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: results from the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"378","author":"Safiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.20","unstructured":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation . GHDx. 2019. Available: https:\/\/vizhub.healthdata.org\/gbd-results\/ [Accessed 13 May 2024]."},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.46598","article-title":"Global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease through 2050","volume":"6","author":"Boers","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152618","article-title":"Continuing to confront COPD international patient survey: economic impact of COPD in 12 countries","volume":"11","author":"Foo","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2007.020396"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-015-0252-4"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S234942","article-title":"Economic burden of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): a systematic literature review","volume":"15","author":"Iheanacho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vhri.2019.02.002","article-title":"The economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the Asia-Pacific region: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Woo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Value Health Reg Issues"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-019-01119-1"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1080\/14737167.2020.1678385","article-title":"The economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the USA, Europe, and Asia: results from a systematic review of the literature","volume":"20","author":"Ur Rehman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13561-021-00329-9","article-title":"Cost analysis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez Villegas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Econ Rev"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.31","unstructured":"Rayyan . Intelligent systematic review. n.d. Available: https:\/\/www.rayyan.ai\/"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.32","unstructured":"Joanna Briggs Institute . Checklist for economic evaluations. Critical appraisal tools for use in JBI systematic reviews. 2020. Available: jbi.global"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0266462305050324"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.34","unstructured":"Vassall A , Sweeney S , Kahn J , et al . Reference case for estimating the costs of global health services and interventions. 2017."},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2013.02.002"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.36","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Global health expenditure database. n.d. Available: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/nha\/database\/Select\/Indicators\/en"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.37","unstructured":"World Bank . World Bank open data. n.d. Available: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4040"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.39","unstructured":"World Bank . Country classifications by income: FY 2021-2022. The world by income and region. n.d. Available: https:\/\/datatopics.worldbank.org\/world-development-indicators\/the-world-by-income-and-region.html"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300117","article-title":"How to perform a meta-analysis with R: a practical tutorial","volume":"22","author":"Balduzzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evid Based Ment Health"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280216669183"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-215338"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/98913","article-title":"Trend analysis of smoking-attributable hospitalizations in Thailand, 2007-2014","volume":"16","author":"Patanavanich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3111\/13696998.2014.971159","article-title":"The cost-effectiveness of OM-85 in managing respiratory tract infections in China","volume":"18","author":"Xuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Med Econ"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.45","first-page":"6919","article-title":"Clinical effect of cephalosporin combined with herba houttuyniae on senile chronic bronchitis","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog Mod Biomed"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.31631\/2073-3046-2017-16-2-17-22","article-title":"Clinical and economic efficiency of vaccination in a pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine in patients with chronic bronchitis at a young age FT \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u044a\u044e\u0433\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043c\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043a\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 13-\u0432. epidemiol i vaktsinoprofilaktika S1 \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430","volume":"16","author":"Ignatova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol Vaccin Prev"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3411","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_2391_20","article-title":"Treatment outcome among post TB obstructive airways diseases and COPD: a prospective cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Swain","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Fam Med Prim Care"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmra1900475"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.49","article-title":"Post-tuberculosis airway disease: a population-based cohort study of people immigrating to British Columbia, Canada, 1985-2015","volume":"33","author":"Basham","year":"2021","journal-title":"E Clin Med"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161176","article-title":"A systematic review of the prevalence and pattern of imaging defined post-TB lung disease","volume":"11","author":"Meghji","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.21.0278"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.52","first-page":"S64","article-title":"Economic outcomes among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Vietnamese patients: approach considerations from a social perspective","volume":"69","author":"Vu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.53","first-page":"9","article-title":"Costos Medicos Directos en Pacientes Con Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Cr\u00f3nica en Mexico direct medical cost in pacients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Mexico","volume":"14","author":"Nev\u00e1rez-Sida","year":"2017","journal-title":"V Heal Reg Issues"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S120637"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S234349","article-title":"Association between adherence to maintenance medication in patients with COPD and acute exacerbation occurrence and cost in China: a retrospective cohort database study","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019051","article-title":"Extent and cost of inappropriate use of tumour markers in patients with pulmonary disease: a multicentre retrospective study in Shanghai, China","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.7175\/fe.v14i4.676","article-title":"Direct medical costs of COPD diagnosis and treatment, eastern vs western European country \u2013 examples of Serbia and Belgium","volume":"14","author":"Jakovljevic","year":"2013","journal-title":"FE"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2010.08.009"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2010.09.003"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.5530\/jyp.2015.2.8","article-title":"Impact of severity of the disease on cost of illness and quality of life of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"7","author":"Kallaru","year":"2015","journal-title":"JYP"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190113","article-title":"Cost and affordability of non-communicable disease screening, diagnosis and treatment in Kenya: patient payments in the private and public sectors","volume":"13","author":"Subramanian","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.29090\/psa.2019.03.018.0006","article-title":"Treatment of COPD in one university hospital setting in Thailand: the real-life prescribing patterns and treatment expenditures","volume":"46","author":"Samarnkongsak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharm Sci Asia"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.63","first-page":"75","article-title":"Cost analysis of hospitalized patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a state-level cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Torabipour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tanaffos"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.64","first-page":"4","article-title":"Methods for estimating health costs of COPD: baseline results [M\u00e9todos para la estimaci\u00f3n costos en salud la EPOC result basales]","volume":"75","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Plata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neumol Cir Torax"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.65","first-page":"213","article-title":"Impacto econ\u00f3mico del tabaquismo en los sistemas de salud de Am\u00e9rica Latina: un estudio en siete pa\u00edses y su extrapolaci\u00f3n a nivel regional","volume":"40","author":"Pichon-Riviere","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud P\u00fablica"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.01.034","article-title":"The gains in life expectancy by ambient PM2.5 pollution reductions in localities in Nigeria","volume":"236","author":"Etchie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055018","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/abe3ba","article-title":"A health impact assessment of long-term exposure to particulate air pollution in Thailand","volume":"16","author":"Mueller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-015-0024-z","article-title":"The heterogeneity statistic i(2) can be biased in small meta-analyses","volume":"15","author":"von Hippel","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The prisma 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257566","article-title":"Health expenditures of asthma-COPD overlap in northern Jordan","volume":"16","author":"Altawalbeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025083110252344000_2.1.e000441.71","first-page":"507","article-title":"Constituation and costs of inpatients with respiratory disease in Karamay Central Hospital in 2014: a cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin J Evid Based Med"}],"container-title":["BMJ Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjph-2023-000441","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]],"date-time":"2025-08-31T17:25:39Z","timestamp":1756661139000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjpublichealth.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjph-2023-000441"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjph-2023-000441"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjph-2023-000441","relation":{},"ISSN":["2753-4294"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2753-4294","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}}}