{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T00:45:22Z","timestamp":1793925922807,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721779200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022244","name":"National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration West","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022244","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MR\/P021999\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P021999\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012349","name":"School for Public Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD-SPH-2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD-SPH-2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"ESRC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge","award":["MC_UU_00006\/7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_00006\/7"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/052578691","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023699","name":"Health Data Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023699","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research Policy Research Programme","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0187kwz08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"BBSRC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["BB\/V004832\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/V004832\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001921","name":"Public Health Research Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research Public Health Policy Research Unit","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0187kwz08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["bmjph"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Little is known about who uses online food delivery services and how use of these services is associated with social inequalities in food purchasing and diet-related health. This study explored associations between social position and use of online takeaway food and grocery delivery services, and its association with weight status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were obtained from households in a consumer research panel living in London and the north of England (n=1521) in February 2019. Use of online grocery delivery services was determined via recorded purchases, and takeaway food delivery app use via survey responses. Social position was approximated through occupation-based social grade and household income. We used logistic regression to estimate the association between social position and use of online delivery services, and the relationship between online delivery service use and weight status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 13.2% of respondents used takeaway food delivery apps over a 7-day period and 15.6% of households used online grocery delivery services over a 4-week period. High-income households were more likely to use online grocery delivery services than low-income households (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.22 to 3.34). In contrast, households with lower social grade were more likely to use takeaway food delivery apps compared with households in the highest grade (OR 2.31, 95% CI 1.38 to 3.87). While takeaway food delivery app use was positively associated with living with obesity (relative risk ratio 1.84, 95% CI 1.20 to 2.82), use of online grocery delivery services was not.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings indicate that use of online food delivery services is patterned by markers of social position and weight status, which may lead to dietary inequalities. The potential impact of increased and differential usage of online delivery services on diet and dietary inequalities warrants further research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2023-000487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T01:56:49Z","timestamp":1724637409000},"page":"e000487","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Social inequalities in the use of online food delivery services and associations with weight status: cross-sectional analysis of survey and consumer data"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Steven","family":"Cummins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Innovation Lab, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7388-7074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra Irene","family":"Kalbus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Innovation Lab, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Cornelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Innovation Lab, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Boyland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Burgoine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cherry","family":"Law","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Innovation Lab, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"},{"name":"Department of Agri-Food Economics and Marketing, University of Reading, Reading, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"de Vocht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Yau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Innovation Lab, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025083109532559000_2.2.e000487.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m545","article-title":"What role should the commercial food system play in promoting health through better diet?","volume":"368","author":"White","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025083109532559000_2.2.e000487.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30041-8","article-title":"2017 diet collaborators. health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study 2017","volume":"393","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025083109532559000_2.2.e000487.3","unstructured":"NHS Digital . 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