{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T01:57:33Z","timestamp":1770688653372,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726617600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Joint Global Health Trials Scheme","award":["MR\/P006922\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P006922\/1"]}]},{"name":"Sir Henry Dale Fellowship","award":["220658\/Z\/20\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220658\/Z\/20\/Z"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/N013638\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N013638\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TRIA.2015-1076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TRIA.2015-1076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004836","name":"Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1030-00371B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1030-00371B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004836","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["bmjph"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Malaria and curable sexually transmitted and reproductive tract infections (STIs\/RTIs) are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study reports the prevalence and risk factors of curable STIs\/RTIs, STI\/RTI co-infection and STI\/RTI and malaria co-infection among HIV-negative pregnant women at their first antenatal care visit in Kenya, Malawi and Tanzania.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>HIV-negative pregnant women of all gravidae (n=4680) were screened for syphilis with point-of-care tests and treated if positive. Separately, women provided blood samples (n=4569) for rapid plasma reagin (RPR) testing; positive cases were confirmation by <jats:italic>Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic> particle agglutination (TPPA). Women also provided dried blood spots for batch testing of malaria by retrospective polymerase chain reaction (PCR (n=4226) methods. A randomly selected subgroup of women provided vaginal swabs for chlamydia, gonorrhoea and trichomoniasis testing by retrospective PCR batch testing (n=1431), and bacterial vaginosis diagnosis by Nugent scoring (n=1402).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Malaria prevalence was 14.6% (95% CI 13.6 to 15.7), 45.9% (43.4 to 48.4) of women were positive for at least one curable STI\/RTI and 6.7% (5.5 to 8.1) were co-infected with malaria and a curable STI\/RTI. Prevalence of individual STIs\/RTIs ranged from 28.5% (26.2 to 30.9) for bacterial vaginosis to 14.5% (12.7 to 16.4) for trichomoniasis, 13.8% (12.1 to 15.7) for chlamydia, 2.7% (1.9 to 3.6) for gonorrhoea and 1.7% (1.4 to 2.2) for RPR\/TPPA-confirmed syphilis. The prevalence of STI\/RTI co-infection was 10.1% (8.7 to 11.8). Paucigravidae, at highest risk of malaria, were also at greater risk of having chlamydia, gonorrhoea and bacterial vaginosis than multigravidae.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of women infected with malaria, 49.0% also had a curable STI\/RTI and one in five women with at least one STI\/RTI were co-infected with more than one STI\/RTI. Current antenatal interventions that address malaria and curable STIs\/RTIs remain suboptimal. New approaches to preventing and managing these infections in pregnancy are urgently needed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                     <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT03208179\">NCT03208179<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2023-000501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T03:25:30Z","timestamp":1726716330000},"page":"e000501","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Prevalence and risk factors of curable sexually transmitted and reproductive tract infections and malaria co-infection among pregnant women at antenatal care booking in Kenya, Malawi and Tanzania: a cross-sectional study of randomised controlled trial data"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"2","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct03208179","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct03208179","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7392-3127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgia R","family":"Gore-Langton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4743-9382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mwayiwawo","family":"Madanitsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Global and Public Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, Thyolo, 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