{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T10:53:42Z","timestamp":1780656822290,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742169600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":75,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203148\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203148\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["215010\/Z\/18\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["215010\/Z\/18\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["223499\/Z\/21\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["223499\/Z\/21\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/R016372\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/R016372\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COV-LT-0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COV-LT-0009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR134293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR134293"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-19-P3IA-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-19-P3IA-0002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["bmjph"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Social gradients in COVID-19 exposure and severity have been observed internationally. Whether combinations of pre-existing social factors, particularly those that confer cumulative advantage and disadvantage, affect recovery from ongoing symptoms following COVID-19 and long COVID is less well understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analysed data on self-perceived recovery following self-reported COVID-19 illness in two UK community-based cohorts, COVID Symptom Study Biobank (CSSB) (N=2548) and TwinsUK (N=1334). Causal effects of sociodemographic variables reflecting status prior to the COVID-19 pandemic on recovery were estimated with multivariable Poisson regression models, weighted for inverse probability of questionnaire participation and COVID-19 infection and adjusted for potential confounders. Associations between recovery and social strata comprising combinations of sex, education level and local area deprivation were estimated using the intersectional multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (MAIHDA) approach. Further analyses estimated associations with variables reflecting experiences during the pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gradients in recovery from COVID-19 along the lines of social advantage were observed in intersectional MAIHDA models, with predicted probability of recovery lowest in female strata with lowest education and highest deprivation levels (CSSB: 55.1% (95% CI 44.0% to 65.1%); TwinsUK: 73.9% (95% CI 61.1% to 83.0%)) and highest in male strata with highest education and lowest deprivation levels (CSSB: 79.1% (95% CI 71.8% to 85.1%); TwinsUK: 89.7% (95% CI 82.5% to 94.1%)). Associations were not explained by differences in prepandemic health. Adverse employment, financial, healthcare access and personal experiences during the pandemic were also negatively associated with recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inequalities in likelihood of recovery from COVID-19 were observed, with ongoing symptoms several months after coronavirus infection more likely for individuals with greater social disadvantage prior to the pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2024-001166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T05:29:47Z","timestamp":1742534987000},"page":"e001166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Social determinants of recovery from ongoing symptoms following COVID-19 in two UK longitudinal studies: a prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2259-1556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan J","family":"Cheetham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicky","family":"Bowyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Paz","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth C E","family":"Bowyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"},{"name":"The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J D","family":"Carpentieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Guise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen J","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"},{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole H","family":"Sudre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, Department of Population Science and Experimental Medicine, University College London, London, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Molteni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Antonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose S","family":"Penfold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Delirium Research Group, Ageing and Health, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas R","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liane S","family":"Canas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaled","family":"Rjoob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, Department of Population Science and Experimental Medicine, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Kerfoot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Hammers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"},{"name":"King's College London & Guy's and St Thomas\u2019 PET Centre, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastien","family":"Ourselin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma L","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"},{"name":"Guy's and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4910-0489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire J","family":"Steves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"},{"name":"Guy's and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00846-2"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00135-7","article-title":"Long COVID: aiming for a consensus","volume":"10","author":"Munblit","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.3","unstructured":"WHO . Post COVID-19 condition (Long COVID), Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/europe\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/item\/post-covid-19-condition [Accessed 5 Jan 2023]."},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.4","unstructured":"NICE . Overview | COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19 | Guidance | NICE, Available: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng188 [Accessed 10 Oct 2022]."},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.5","unstructured":"CDC . Post-COVID Conditions: Information for Healthcare Providers, Available: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/hcp\/clinical-care\/post-covid-conditions.html [Accessed 1 Mar 2023]."},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29513-z","article-title":"Course of post COVID-19 disease symptoms over time in the ComPaRe long COVID prospective e-cohort","volume":"13","author":"Tran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33415-5","article-title":"Outcomes among confirmed cases and a matched comparison group in the Long-COVID in Scotland study","volume":"13","author":"Hastie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00127-8","article-title":"Clinical characteristics with inflammation profiling of long COVID and association with 1-year recovery following hospitalisation in the UK: a prospective observational study","volume":"10","author":"Evans","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00383-0","article-title":"Physical, cognitive, and mental health impacts of COVID-19 after hospitalisation (PHOSP-COVID): a UK multicentre, prospective cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Evans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.10","article-title":"Prevalence and assessment of risk factors among Polish adults with post-COVID-19 syndrome: a 12-month follow-up study","volume":"133","author":"Babicki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pol Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.11","unstructured":"ONS . Prevalence of ongoing symptoms following coronavirus (covid-19) infection in the uk: 30 march 2023 - office for national statistics 2023. Available: https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/healthandsocialcare\/conditionsanddiseases\/bulletins\/prevalenceofongoingsymptomsfollowingcoronaviruscovid19infectionintheuk\/30march2023 [Accessed 25 Apr 2023]."},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2023.100724","article-title":"Determinants of the onset and prognosis of the post-COVID-19 condition: a 2-year prospective observational cohort study","volume":"33","author":"Mateu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perlis RH , Santillana M , Ognyanova K , et al . Correlates of symptomatic remission among individuals with post-COVID-19 condition. medRxiv 2023.:2023.01.31.23285246. doi:10.1101\/2023.01.31.23285246","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.01.31.23285246"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/CID\/CIAB759"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100122","article-title":"Post-COVID syndrome in non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19: a longitudinal prospective cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Augustin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101549","article-title":"Severity, predictors and clinical correlates of Post-COVID syndrome (PCS) in Germany: A prospective, multi-centre, population-based cohort study","volume":"51","author":"Bahmer","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29521-z","article-title":"Persistent COVID-19 symptoms in a community study of 606,434 people in England","volume":"13","author":"Whitaker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281884","article-title":"Living with \u201clong COVID\u201d: A systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative evidence","volume":"18","author":"Hossain","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dci20-0053"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.319811"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.54.8.737"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demko ZO , Yu T , Mullapudi SK , et al . Post-acute sequelae of sars-cov-2 (pasc) impact quality of life at 6, 12 and 18 months post-infection. Infectious Diseases (except HIV\/AIDS) [Preprint]. doi:10.1101\/2022.08.08.22278543","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.08.08.22278543"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102086","article-title":"The effects of COVID-19 on cognitive performance in a community-based cohort: a COVID symptom study biobank prospective cohort study","volume":"62","author":"Cheetham","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2215-0366(22)00260-7"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2510","DOI":"10.1080\/13504851.2022.2098239","article-title":"The impact of Long COVID on the UK workforce","volume":"30","author":"Reuschke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Econ Lett"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101019","article-title":"Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact","volume":"38","author":"Davis","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000216"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/58.6.S327"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-020-00582-7","article-title":"Understanding unequal ageing: towards a synthesis of intersectionality and life course analyses","volume":"18","author":"Holman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Ageing"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1229039"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-073014-112142"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34598-7","article-title":"Metabolomic and gut microbiome profiles across the spectrum of community-based COVID and non-COVID disease","volume":"13","author":"\u00d6sterdahl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/THG.2019.65"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16671.1","article-title":"TwinsUK COVID-19 personal experience questionnaire (CoPE): wave 1 data capture April-May 2020","volume":"6","author":"Suthahar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.35","unstructured":"Convalescence long COVID Study . COVID-19 Longitudinal Health and Wellbeing National Core Study - UCL \u2013 University College London, Available: https:\/\/www.ucl.ac.uk\/covid-19-longitudinal-health-wellbeing\/convalescence-long-covid-study [Accessed 5 Apr 2023]."},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh090"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw341","article-title":"Robust causal inference using directed acyclic graphs: the R package \u2018dagitty\u2019","volume":"45","author":"Textor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/IJE\/DYAA260"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2024.101664","article-title":"A tutorial for conducting intersectional multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (MAIHDA)","volume":"26","author":"Evans","year":"2024","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.116898","article-title":"Clarifications on the intersectional MAIHDA approach: A conceptual guide and response to Wilkes and Karimi (2024)","volume":"350","author":"Evans","year":"2024","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101032","article-title":"Quantitative methods for descriptive intersectional analysis with binary health outcomes","volume":"17","author":"Mahendran","year":"2022","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.42","unstructured":"Bell A . OSF | MAIHDA Tutorial Code.R. 2024. doi:10.17605\/OSF.IO\/DTVC3"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19478-2"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2022.05.021","article-title":"Avoiding overadjustment bias in social epidemiology through appropriate covariate selection: a primer","volume":"149","author":"van Zwieten","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2007.06.004"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.46","unstructured":"Bourdieu P . Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Harvard University Press, 1984."},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05337.x"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-065083","article-title":"Short-term and long-term impacts of COVID-19 on economic vulnerability: a population-based longitudinal study (COVIDENCE UK)","volume":"12","author":"Williamson","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.13.2.145"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-064981","article-title":"Inequalities in healthcare disruptions during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from 12 UK population-based longitudinal studies","volume":"12","author":"Maddock","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.13687"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102638","article-title":"Clinical coding of long COVID in primary care 2020-2023 in a cohort of 19 million adults: an OpenSAFELY analysis","volume":"72","author":"Henderson","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00744-X","article-title":"The long COVID evidence gap in England","volume":"403","author":"Knuppel","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247959","article-title":"Gender differences in unpaid care work and psychological distress in the UK Covid-19 lockdown","volume":"16","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159076","article-title":"Social Life of Females with Persistent COVID-19 Symptoms: A Qualitative Study","volume":"19","author":"Aghaei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970378","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.970378","article-title":"Resilience resources and coping strategies of COVID-19 female long haulers: A qualitative study","volume":"10","author":"Aghaei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-060116-053252"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/HEA0000796"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09792-1","article-title":"Racial discrimination and health: a prospective study of ethnic minorities in the United Kingdom","volume":"20","author":"Hackett","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222378","article-title":"Determinants of clinical, functional and personal recovery for people with schizophrenia and other severe mental illnesses: A cross-sectional analysis","volume":"14","author":"Roosenschoon","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000178"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2017-209584"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0000000000000982"},{"key":"2025083109384147000_3.1.e001166.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021613","article-title":"Long-Term Consequences of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"}],"container-title":["BMJ Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjph-2024-001166","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]],"date-time":"2025-08-31T16:38:57Z","timestamp":1756658337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjpublichealth.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjph-2024-001166"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjph-2024-001166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjph-2024-001166","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2023.12.21.23300125","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2753-4294"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2753-4294","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}}}