{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T07:33:43Z","timestamp":1792654423855,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738627200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/T008989\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/T008989\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["bmjph"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The double burden of malnutrition (DBM) is a global public health challenge. This study examined the prevalence of population-level DBM, its demographic and socioeconomic determinants as well as the associations between anthropometric indicators of undernutrition and overnutrition, and micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs), among Vietnamese children, using the data from the nationally representative General Nutrition Survey 2020.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Data on anthropometric parameters, micronutrient biomarkers, demographic and socioeconomic indicators for 7289 children aged 6 months to 9 years were analysed. Determinants of malnutrition were assessed using logistic regressions, reported as OR with 95% CIs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>At national level, 12.7%, 10.5% and 4.7% of children were stunted, underweight and wasted\/thin, while 7.3% and 7.1% were overweight and obese, respectively. Low serum zinc, anaemia and iron deficiency were the common MNDs observed, affecting 53.1%, 15.2% and 13.9% of the study participants. Older children aged 2\u20134 years (OR (95% CI) 1.43 (1.20, 1.72)), ethnic minorities (5.94 (3.78, 9.36)) and those living in mountainous areas (5.06 (1.18, 14.42)) had increased odds of stunting, whereas reduced odds were found in children from the richest quintile (0.13 (0.05, 0.32)). Similar determinants were associated with underweight and MNDs. Males (1.43 (1.16, 1.76)), children aged 5\u20139 years (10.02 (6.71, 14.97) and children from the richest quintile (2.91 (1.20, 7.05)) had increased odds of overweight. Children with anaemia, low serum retinol and low serum zinc had increased odds of stunting and underweight than non-micronutrient-deficient children (adjusted OR=1.43\u20131.71). Compared with children without MNDs, those with \u22653 MNDs had almost double the odds of stunting and underweight, whereas those with \u22643 MNDs had reduced odds of overweight (adjusted OR=0.38\u20130.60).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Significant demographic variation and socioeconomic inequalities in child malnutrition were identified. National policies and programmes in Vietnam should address age-specific, sex-specific, geographical and socioeconomic disparities to accelerate progress in reducing child malnutrition.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2024-001177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T12:40:34Z","timestamp":1738672834000},"page":"e001177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Demographic variation and socioeconomic inequalities in all forms of malnutrition among children aged 6 months to 9 years: findings from the Vietnamese General Nutrition Survey 2020"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1281-4928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pui Yee","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somphos Vicheth","family":"Som","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"},{"name":"Section of International Health, Department of Health Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6122-0977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Son Duy","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Nutrition Surveillance and Policy Department, National Institution of Nutrition, Hanoi, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaomian","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Do Tranh","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Surveillance and Policy Department, National Institution of Nutrition, Hanoi, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nga Thuy","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Micronutrient, National Institution of Nutrition, Hanoi, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Van Khanh","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Micronutrient, National Institution of Nutrition, Hanoi, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Dye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"},{"name":"Institute for Sustainable Food and Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J Bernadette","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Caton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield Centre for Health and Related Research (SCHARR), School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Ensaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Sustainable Development, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffry","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) Southeast Asia Region, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun Yun","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025083109410225000_3.1.e001177.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osendarp SJM , Brown KH , Neufeld LM , et al . 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