{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T16:21:11Z","timestamp":1778689271301,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740441600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":55,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"United States Agency for International Development (USAID) - Neglected Tropical Diseases Program and the Coalition for Operational Research on Neglected Tropical Diseases (COR-NTD) grant","award":["Not Applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Not Applicable"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Not Applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Not Applicable"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["OPP1053230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1053230"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["bmjph"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Urogenital schistosomiasis is endemic in Togo. Since 2010, Togo has used preventive chemotherapy to control the disease and periodically assess its impact. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis and identify associated risk factors among school-age children in three districts of the Plateaux Region of Togo.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A cross-sectional study surveyed school-age children in three Togo districts, using an oversampling strategy of door-to-door visits to collect urine samples, metadata and lifestyle data. Statistical analyses, including descriptive and multilevel regression, were used to determine prevalence and investigate individual\/community risk factors associated with urogenital schistosomiasis and infection intensity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study surveyed 6400 children, uncovering a 15.0% prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis (95%\u2009CI: 14.1% to 15.8%). Notably, 48.3% (95% CI: 45.1% to 51.5%) showed heavy-intensity infections, averaging 38 eggs per 10\u2009mL (range: 0\u20139688). Key risk factors included age (adjusted OR (aOR)=1.9), swimming in surface water (aOR=2.6) and residing in the Ogou district (aOR=11.2), while the Est-Mono district posed a lower risk (aOR=0.2). Factors such as gender, with boys at higher risk (aOR=1.7), age (aOR=2.9), school attendance (aOR=2.4) and swimming in surface water (aOR=4.7) were linked to infection intensity. Consumption of public tap water (aOR=2.4; 95%\u2009CI: 1.0 to 5.2) and residing in Ogou (aOR=28.6) increased intensity, whereas living in Est-Mono (aOR=0.0; 95%\u2009CI: 0.0 to 0.08) or using rainwater (aOR=0.0; 95%\u2009CI: 0.0 to 0.4) decreased it.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The prevalence and intensity of urogenital schistosomiasis were found to be correlated with household and behavioural risk factors. Integrating these factors into national control programmes and improving access to safe water and sanitation facilities will be crucial in eliminating this disease as a public health concern in Togo.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2024-001304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T06:05:37Z","timestamp":1740549937000},"page":"e001304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Risk factors associated with urogenital schistosomiasis: a multilevel assessment approach using an Oversampling Schistosomiasis Survey (SOS) community-based, Plateaux region, Togo 2022"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5865-9834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Smaila","family":"Alidou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department de M\u00e9decine Sociale et Preventive, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 et de l\u2019Hygi\u00e8ne Publique, Republique Togolaise, Lome, Togo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne E","family":"Kamassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contr\u00f4le de Qualit\u00e9 des Denr\u00e9es Alimentaires, Unit\u00e9 de Recherche en Immunologie et Immunomodulation (UR2IM), Ecole Sup\u00e9rieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires (ESTBA), Universit\u00e9 de Lom\u00e9, Lome, Togo"},{"name":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiali","family":"Lack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Department of 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