{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T23:25:08Z","timestamp":1788391508747,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727049600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["bmjph"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health challenge, particularly in children, where diagnosis is challenging. Radiological resources such as chest X-rays and CT scans play a crucial role in early screening and diagnosis, especially in the absence of microbiological confirmation of disease. However, radiological capacity and access vary widely across regions and countries.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study retrospectively audited licensed X-ray and CT units in Mozambique, South Africa and Spain in 2022. Population data were used to calculate units per million people. The study used choropleth maps to visualise regional disparities and to explore potential interactions between radiological capacity, population density and TB notifications.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mozambique had the lowest radiological capacity, with 3.6 X-ray units and 0.4 CT units per million people, compared with South Africa\u2019s 34.2 X-ray units, 5.8 CT units and Spain\u2019s 811.5 X-ray units and 19.3 CT units. The private sector exhibited higher capacity than the public sector in all countries. Regional disparities were evident, particularly in Mozambique, highlighting urban\u2013rural discrepancies and in-country inequalities.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study underscores significant disparities in radiological capacity between low-income, middle-income and high-income countries, with economic factors playing a pivotal role. Addressing these disparities is crucial for improving TB and other disease diagnostic capabilities, particularly in resource-limited settings. Potential solutions include establishing dedicated national radio-diagnostic departments, developing national guidelines and integrating portable AI-powered X-ray or point-of-care ultrasonography technology. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders to advocate for improved radiological resources and equitable healthcare access.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2024-001392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T08:50:15Z","timestamp":1727081415000},"page":"e001392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Assessment of radiological capacity and disparities in TB diagnosis: a comparative study of Mozambique, South Africa and Spain"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7190-6016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle","family":"Munyangaju","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Medicine and Translational Research Department, University of Barcelona Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedita","family":"Jos\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tuberculosis Control Program, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quique","family":"Bassat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade de Manhi\u00e7a (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique"},{"name":"ICREA, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Universitat de Barcelona, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ridwaan","family":"Esmail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Oncology, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liebe Hendrietta","family":"Tlhapi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Control, South African Health Products Regulatory Authority, Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mqondisi","family":"Maphophe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Control, South African Health Products Regulatory Authority, Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crimenia","family":"Mutemba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tuberculosis Control Program, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loide","family":"Cossa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tuberculosis Control Program, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Paediatric TB Working Group, Maputo, Mozambique"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Mudaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service Priorities Coordination (SPC) Directorate, Department of Health, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliseo Va\u00f1\u00f3","family":"Carruana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Facultad de Medicina, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard D","family":"Pitcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Lopez Varela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine and Translational Research Department, University of Barcelona Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Thierry-Chef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Medicine and Translational Research Department, University of Barcelona Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.1","unstructured":"WHO . Available from. Global tuberculosis report 2023. Geneva; World Health Organization. 75. Available: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/373828\/9789240083851-eng.pdf?sequence=1 [accessed 11 Dec 2023]"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30289-9"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000710"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11040382","article-title":"Diagnostic Challenges in Childhood Pulmonary Tuberculosis-Optimizing the Clinical Approach","volume":"11","author":"Gunasekera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S85","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piac082","article-title":"Pediatric Tuberculosis Diagnostics: Present and Future","volume":"11","author":"Basile","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.6","unstructured":"World Health Organization . WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 5: management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents: web annex 5: overview of consolidated who recommendations. World Health Organization; 2022. Available: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/352512 [Accessed 11 Oct 2022]."},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-21016-7","article-title":"A comparison of the chest radiographic and computed tomographic features of subclinical pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"12","author":"Lau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00021-18","article-title":"Incipient and Subclinical Tuberculosis: a Clinical Review of Early Stages and Progression of Infection","volume":"31","author":"Drain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-3026.161431","article-title":"Chest tuberculosis: Radiological review and imaging recommendations","volume":"25","author":"Bhalla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Radiol Imaging"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a017814","article-title":"Imaging in tuberculosis","volume":"5","author":"Bomanji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varela EL , Munyangaju I , Chabala C , et al . Tuberculosis in children and adolescents: a forgotten group in a forgotten disease. In: Garc\u00eda-Basteiro AL , \u00d6ner Ey\u00fcbo\u011flu F , Rangaka MX , eds. The Challenge of Tuberculosis in the 21st Century (ERS Monograph) [Internet]. Sheffield: European Respiratory Society, 2023: 210\u201334. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/2312508X.10025322","DOI":"10.1183\/2312508X.10025322"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(23)00004-4","article-title":"Development of treatment-decision algorithms for children evaluated for pulmonary tuberculosis: an individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Gunasekera","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1402"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.6069","article-title":"Sensitive and Feasible Specimen Collection and Testing Strategies for Diagnosing Tuberculosis in Young Children","volume":"175","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.15","unstructured":"United Nations . Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 2015. Available: https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/development\/desa\/population\/migration\/generalassembly\/docs\/globalcompact\/A_RES_70_1_E.pdf"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2019.34.60.18935","article-title":"An audit of licensed Zimbabwean radiology equipment resources as a measure of healthcare access and equity","volume":"34","author":"Maboreke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2015.22.57.7016","article-title":"Analysis of licensed South African diagnostic imaging equipment","volume":"22","author":"Kabongo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2016.25.99.9736","article-title":"Defining the diagnostic divide: an analysis of registered radiological equipment resources in a low-income African country","volume":"25","author":"Ngoya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2022.41.301.30635","article-title":"National inventory of authorized diagnostic imaging equipment in Ghana: data as of September 2020","volume":"41","author":"Bour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2020.36.32.21043","article-title":"An audit of licenced Zambian diagnostic imaging equipment and personnel","volume":"36","author":"Mbewe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.21","article-title":"Analysis of registered radiological equipment in Kenya","volume":"40","author":"Gathuru","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00673-5","article-title":"The Lancet Commission on diagnostics: transforming access to diagnostics","volume":"398","author":"Fleming","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30751-8"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-06997-x","article-title":"Towards equity: a retrospective analysis of public sector radiological resources and utilization patterns in the metropolitan and rural areas of the Western Cape Province of South Africa in 2017","volume":"21","author":"van Zyl","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.25","article-title":"How to improve access to medical imaging in low- and middle-income countries?","volume":"38","author":"Frija","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinMed"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299293","article-title":"Evaluation of radiological capacity and usage in paediatric TB diagnosis: A mixed-method protocol of a comparative study in Mozambique, South Africa and Spain","volume":"19","author":"Munyangaju","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.27","unstructured":"UNAIDS . UNAIDS|Countries. Available: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/regionscountries\/countries [Accessed 13 Aug 2021]."},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.28","unstructured":"World Bank . GDP per capita (current US$): countries, 2024. Available: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD [Accessed 27 Jan 2024]."},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.29","unstructured":"Direc\u00e7\u00e3o de Planifica\u00e7\u00e3o e Coopera\u00e7\u00e3o . Maputo: Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade; Plano Estrat\u00e9gico do Sector da Sa\u00fade PESS 2014-2019 (Extens\u00e3o 2020-2024): Mo\u00e7ambique, 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.misau.gov.mz\/index.php\/planos-estrategicos?download=2048:plano-estrategico-do-sector-da-saude-pess-2014-2019-extensao-2020-2024"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.30","unstructured":"Programa Nacional de Controle da Tuberculose . Maputo Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade; Plano Estrat\u00e9gico e Operacional 2014 \u2013 2018, 2014. Available: https:\/\/www.misau.gov.mz\/index.php\/planos-estrategicos-da-tb?download=298:plano-estrategico-pnct-2014-2018"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.31","unstructured":"IHME . Mozambique | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Available: https:\/\/www.healthdata.org\/research-analysis\/health-by-location\/profiles\/mozambique [Accessed 1 Mar 2024]."},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30925-9"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.33","unstructured":"JICA . Data collection survey on the health system in mozambique final report. Japan International Cooperation Agency; 2021. Available: https:\/\/openjicareport.jica.go.jp\/pdf\/1000045945.pdf"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-016-0455-0","article-title":"Geographic accessibility to primary healthcare centers in Mozambique","volume":"15","author":"Dos Anjos Luis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.35","article-title":"Structural readiness of health facilities in Mozambique: how is Mozambique positioned to deliver nutrition-specific interventions to women and children?","volume":"7","author":"Maulide Cane","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Glob Health Rep"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rensburg R . The conversation. Healthcare in South Africa: how inequity is contributing to inefficiency, 2021. Available: http:\/\/theconversation.com\/healthcare-in-south-africa-how-inequity-is-contributing-to-inefficiency-163753 [Accessed 1 Mar 2024].","DOI":"10.64628\/AAJ.hkvftjycr"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.37","unstructured":"IHME . South Africa | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Available: https:\/\/www.healthdata.org\/research-analysis\/health-by-location\/profiles\/south-africa [Accessed 1 Mar 2024]."},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.38","unstructured":"Ministerio de Sanidad . Informe anual del sistema nacional de salud 2022. Ministerio de Sanidade; 2023. Available: https:\/\/www.sanidad.gob.es\/estadEstudios\/estadisticas\/sisInfSanSNS\/tablasEstadisticas\/InfAnualSNS2022\/INFORME_ANUAL_2022.pdf [Accessed 23 Mar 2024]."},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.39","unstructured":"OECD\/European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies . Spain country health profile 2023 state of health in the eu. OECD Publishing; 2023. Available: https:\/\/eurohealthobservatory.who.int\/publications\/m\/spain-country-health-profile-2023"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.40","unstructured":"IHME . Spain | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Available: https:\/\/www.healthdata.org\/research-analysis\/health-by-location\/profiles\/spain [Accessed 1 Mar 2024]."},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.41","unstructured":"CSN . Informes al Parlamento - Publications, Available: https:\/\/www.csn.es\/en\/centro-de-documentacion?_20_folderId=13529&_20_viewEntries=1&_20_viewFolders=1&_20_struts_action=%2Fdocument_library%2Fview&_20_action=browseFolder&p_p_id=20&p_p_lifecycle=0&_20_entryStart=0&_20_entryEnd=30&_20_folderStart=0&_20_folderEnd=100 [Accessed 27 Jan 2024]."},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.42","unstructured":"Ministerio de Sanidad . Cat\u00e1logo Nacional de Hospitales 2023 (Actualizado a 31 de diciembre de 2022), 2023. Available: https:\/\/www.sanidad.gob.es\/ciudadanos\/prestaciones\/centrosServiciosSNS\/hospitales\/docs\/CNH_2023.pdf [Accessed 27 Jan 2024]."},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.43","unstructured":"INE . Instituto Nacional de Estatistica: Projec\u00e7\u00f5es da Popula\u00e7\u00e3o 2017- 2050, 2024. Available: https:\/\/ine.gov.mz\/censo-2017\/-\/document_library\/pfpz\/view\/92163 [Accessed 27 Jan 2024]."},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.44","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estadistica. INE . INEbase \/ Demography and population \/Population figures and Demographic Censuses \/Population Continuous Statistics \/ Latest data, Available: https:\/\/www.ine.es\/dyngs\/INEbase\/en\/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736177095&menu=ultiDatos&idp=1254735572981 [Accessed 27 Jan 2024]."},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.45","unstructured":"Stats SA . Statistics South Africa | Census Dissemination, 2024. Available: https:\/\/census.statssa.gov.za\/#\/ [Accessed 27 Jan 2024]."},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.46","unstructured":"Ministerio de Sanidad . Indicadores del a\u00f1o 2022. Plan para la prevenci\u00f3n y control de la tuberculosis en Espa\u00f1a, 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.sanidad.gob.es\/profesionales\/saludPublica\/prevPromocion\/PlanTuberculosis\/docs\/Resumen_PlanTB2022_SEPTIEMBRE_2023.pdf"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.47","article-title":"Re-inventing the future of the radiological research footprint in South Africa","volume":"22","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"SA J Radiol"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/11786329211054035","article-title":"Tuberculosis Knowledge and Delayed Health Care Seeking Among New Diagnosed Tuberculosis Patients in Primary Health Facilities in an Urban District, South Africa","volume":"14","author":"Makgopa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Serv Insights"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.031","article-title":"Geographic accessibility to health facilities predicts uptake of community-based tuberculosis screening in an urban setting","volume":"120","author":"Jenkins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.953827","article-title":"Regional well-being inequalities arising from healthcare expenditure public policies in Spain","volume":"10","author":"Valls Mart\u00ednez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8603-6-18","article-title":"Turning a blind eye: the mobilization of radiology services in resource-poor regions","volume":"6","author":"Maru","year":"2010","journal-title":"Global Health"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hinrichs-Krapels S , Tombo L , Boulding H , et al . n.d. Barriers and facilitators for the provision of radiology services in Zimbabwe: A qualitative study based on staff experiences and observations. PLOS Glob Public Health 3:e0001796. doi:10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001796","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001796"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes Q , Augusto O , Machai H , et al . n.d. Scrutinizing human resources for health availability and distribution in Mozambique between 2016 and 2020: a subnational descriptive longitudinal study. Hum Resour Health 21:33. doi:10.1186\/s12960-023-00815-7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-023-00815-7"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.54","unstructured":"Radiation UNSC on the E of A . Sources, effects and risks of ionizing radiation, united nations scientific committee on the effects of atomic radiation (unscear) 2020\/2021 report. Volume I. United Nations, 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.un-ilibrary.org\/content\/books\/9789210010030"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.55","unstructured":"WHO operational handbook on tuberculosis: module 5: management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents, Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail-redirect\/9789240046832 [Accessed 23 Mar 2023]."},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001799","article-title":"Optimising computer aided detection to identify intra-thoracic tuberculosis on chest x-ray in South African children","volume":"3","author":"Palmer","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(21)00116-3"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1148\/ryai.230327","article-title":"AI for Detection of Tuberculosis: Implications for Global Health","volume":"6","author":"Hwang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiol Artif Intell"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e535","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(21)00142-4","article-title":"Can AI technologies close the diagnostic gap in tuberculosis?","volume":"3","author":"Tzelios","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.05.033","article-title":"Lung Ultrasonography: A Viable Alternative to Chest Radiography in Children with Suspected Pneumonia?","volume":"176","author":"Ambroggio","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-004-1251-3"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251236","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care ultrasound for pulmonary tuberculosis: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Bigio","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025083109460993000_2.2.e001392.63","unstructured":"Ministry of Health - INVEAT Plan, Available: https:\/\/www.sanidad.gob.es\/profesionales\/prestacionesSanitarias\/PlanINVEAT\/home.htm [Accessed 6 Feb 2024]."}],"container-title":["BMJ Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjph-2024-001392","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]],"date-time":"2025-08-31T16:46:27Z","timestamp":1756658787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjpublichealth.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjph-2024-001392"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjph-2024-001392"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjph-2024-001392","relation":{},"ISSN":["2753-4294"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2753-4294","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}}}