{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T14:00:47Z","timestamp":1767794447317,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753228800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centre for International Reproductive Health Training (CIRHT) at The University of Michigan","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["bmjph"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gender-based violence (GBV) is a public health concern disproportionately affecting female sex workers (FSWs) globally. We investigated the prevalence and factors associated with GBV against women engaged in sex work in Gulu City, Uganda.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this community-based study, we included FSWs purposely selected from hotspots within Gulu City, Uganda, between February and April 2023. Data on participants\u2019 characteristics and history of GBV in the past 1 year prior to the interview were collected using a structured questionnaire. Bivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the factors associated with GBV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 314 participants, 222 (70.7%) reportedly experienced GBV in the past year, most frequently economic violence (66.9%, n=210), followed by verbal violence (41.4%, n=130), physical violence (27.7%, n=87) and sexual violence (27.4%, n=86). Factors associated with GBV were secondary education level (adjusted OR (AOR): 0.17, 95%\u2009CI 0.03 to 0.87, p=0.034), history of pregnancy (AOR: 3.41, 95%\u2009CI 1.05 to 11.04, p=0.041) and places of sex work at bars (AOR: 5.59, 95%\u2009CI 2.03 to 15.38, p=0.001), night clubs (AOR: 3.69, 95%\u2009CI 1.26 to 10.61, p=0.017) and client\u2019s place (AOR: 3.62, 95%\u2009CI 1.21 to 10.86, p=0.022).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GBV against FSWs in Gulu City, Uganda, is unacceptably high. Therefore, there is an urgent need to address violence in sex work in Uganda and similar settings worldwide through multisectoral targeted interventions and creating safer working environments by the Ministry of Health and other concerned entities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2024-001486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T04:10:12Z","timestamp":1753243812000},"page":"e001486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence and factors associated with violence against women who exchange sex for money in Gulu City, Northern Uganda: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8837-1954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Winnie","family":"Kibone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pebalo Francis","family":"Pebolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Health, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Olum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerom","family":"Okot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jimmyy","family":"Opee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Health, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9701-2264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Awor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Health, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda"},{"name":"Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simple","family":"Ouma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The AIDS Support Organization, Kampala, Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"The Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kakinda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Directorate, Joint Clinical Research Center, Wakiso, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Madraa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rural Development and Agri-Business, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Bongomin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010703054141000_3.2.e001486.1","unstructured":"Nations UJNYU . 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