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In this study, we examined the associations of universal primary education with long-term intimate partner violence (IPV) rates and attitudes condoning IPV among women in India.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We used data from the National Family Health Survey 2019\u20132021 and compared women who were eligible for\n                      <jats:italic>Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan<\/jats:italic>\n                      (SSA)\u2014a national programme of universal primary schooling implemented in 2001\u2014with women who were older and not eligible for SSA. We employed a quasi-experimental method of propensity score matching and fixed effects regression analyses, accounting for a rich set of background socioeconomic and demographic characteristics as covariates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intervention group women who were originally eligible for SSA in 2001 (4 years below the primary to secondary transition age of 14 years) were 16%\u201331%\u2009less likely to justify IPV or experience emotional violence than control group women who were not eligible for the programme (4 years above the age cut-off). There were no statistically significant associations between SSA eligibility and the rates of physical IPV experienced by women. The results were robust to a series of sensitivity analyses and alternate model specifications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings indicate that universal access to primary schooling may play an important role in reducing IPV and improving gender equality in India and similar low-income and middle-income countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2024-001530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T08:55:21Z","timestamp":1752569721000},"page":"e001530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Schooling and intimate partner violence: retrospective analysis of India\u2019s\n                    <i>Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan<\/i>\n                    using quasi-experimental techniques"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3967-2424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arindam","family":"Nandi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Council, New York, New York, USA"},{"name":"One Health Trust, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Haberland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meredith","family":"Kozak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Council, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Zahra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Council, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thoai D","family":"Ngo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010703052940000_3.2.e001530.1","unstructured":"IHME . 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