{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T01:47:27Z","timestamp":1790732847133,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":62,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["bmjph"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The risk of tuberculosis transmission is higher among household contacts than the general population. However, there is a paucity of information that explains the risk of experiencing active tuberculosis among household contacts in countries with a high burden of tuberculosis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study aimed to assess the prevalence of tuberculosis infection and associated factors among adult household contacts of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients in the Kembata-Tembaro zone, southern Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A cross-sectional study design was conducted in the Kembata-Tembaro zone, southern Ethiopia, from August to September 2022. Data were collected from 336 adult household contacts using a pretested questionnaire, and sputum examinations were done using fluorescence microscopy. Binary logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with tuberculosis infection among adult household contacts.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The prevalence of active tuberculosis among adult household contacts of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients was 6.9% (95% CI 4% to 10%). Nearly half, 47.8%, of them belonged to economically productive adults aged 30\u201344 years. Smoking cigarettes (adjusted OR (AOR) 6.5, 95%\u2009CI (1.04 to 40.17)), sharing a bed with the index tuberculosis case (AOR 6.0, 95%\u2009CI (1.97 to 18.28)), poor housing ventilation (AOR 4.2, 95%\u2009CI (2.85 to 17.16)) and overcrowded housing (AOR 4.6, 95%\u2009CI (1.42 to 14.58)) were associated with tuberculosis infection among household contacts of patients with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study has revealed that the prevalence of active tuberculosis among adult household contacts of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients was detected to be similar to other reports from Ethiopia. Additionally, interventions to prevent tuberculosis transmission among household contacts should focus on providing behaviour change education, improving housing conditions, early detection and isolation of index cases, contact tracing, isoniazid chemoprophylaxis of household contacts with weakened immunity and covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2024-001531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T19:00:45Z","timestamp":1741114845000},"page":"e001531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Epidemiology of active tuberculosis among adult household contacts of patients with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in Kembata-Tembaro zone, southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Wondimu","family":"Daniel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9153-5400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebsibe","family":"Tadesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Data Management and Analytics Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Temesgen","family":"Tamirat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markos","family":"Selamu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101800251538000_3.1.e001531.1","unstructured":"Global tuberculosis report 2020. Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organization; 2021."},{"key":"2025101800251538000_3.1.e001531.2","unstructured":"Global tuberculosis report 2021. Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organization; 2022."},{"key":"2025101800251538000_3.1.e001531.3","unstructured":"National Data Management Center for Health . National health atlas. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Ethiopian Public Health Institute; 2021."},{"key":"2025101800251538000_3.1.e001531.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152900","article-title":"Stigma against Tuberculosis Patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"Tadesse","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025101800251538000_3.1.e001531.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-1222","article-title":"Appropriate health-seeking behavior and associated factors among people who had cough for at least two weeks in northwest Ethiopia: a population-based cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Senbeto","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025101800251538000_3.1.e001531.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7401045"},{"key":"2025101800251538000_3.1.e001531.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.14.0978","article-title":"The yield of a tuberculosis household contact investigation in two regions of Ethiopia","volume":"19","author":"Jerene","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"2025101800251538000_3.1.e001531.8","unstructured":"Guideline for clinical and programmatic management of tuberculosis, tuberculosis \/human immunodeficiency virus, and leprosy in Ethiopia. Sixth edition. Addis Abeba, Ethiopia Federal Ministry of Health; 2016."},{"key":"2025101800251538000_3.1.e001531.9","unstructured":"Health sector tansformation plan. Addis Abeba, Ethiopia Federal Ministry of Health; 2018."},{"key":"2025101800251538000_3.1.e001531.10","unstructured":"Global tuberculosis report 2021. Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organization; 2018."},{"key":"2025101800251538000_3.1.e001531.11","unstructured":"Annual tuberculosis report. Durame, Kembata-Tembaro Zone Kembata-Tembaro Zone Health Office; 2021."},{"key":"2025101800251538000_3.1.e001531.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2147\/DHPS.S82070","article-title":"Environmental and host-related determinants of tuberculosis in Metema district, north-west Ethiopia","volume":"7","author":"Tesema","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Healthc Patient Saf"},{"key":"2025101800251538000_3.1.e001531.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214235","article-title":"Risk factors for tuberculosis: A case-control study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"Shimeles","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025101800251538000_3.1.e001531.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3036-6","article-title":"Investigation of household contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients increases case detection in Mwanza City, Tanzania","volume":"18","author":"Beyanga","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025101800251538000_3.1.e001531.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit643"},{"key":"2025101800251538000_3.1.e001531.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160514","article-title":"The Yield of Community-Based \u201cRetrospective\u201d Tuberculosis Contact Investigation in a High Burden Setting in Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"Gashu","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025101800251538000_3.1.e001531.17","first-page":"303","article-title":"Prevalence of tuberculosis in household contacts of sputum smears positive cases and associated demographic risk factors","volume":"14","author":"Gyawali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nepal Med Coll J"},{"key":"2025101800251538000_3.1.e001531.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-2113.177445","article-title":"Household symptomatic contact screening of newly diagnosed sputum smears positive tuberculosis patients - An effective case detection tool","volume":"33","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lung India"},{"key":"2025101800251538000_3.1.e001531.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-285","article-title":"Smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis and its risk factors among tuberculosis suspect in South East Ethiopia; a hospital based cross-sectional study","volume":"7","author":"Tulu","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"2025101800251538000_3.1.e001531.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2023-002032","article-title":"Respiratory-related deaths and associated factors in Alicho-Weriro district, southern Ethiopia: verbal autopsy data analysis","volume":"11","author":"Belete","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir Res"},{"key":"2025101800251538000_3.1.e001531.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1590\/s1806-37562017000000443","article-title":"Risk factors for tuberculosis: diabetes, smoking, alcohol use, and the use of other drugs","volume":"44","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Bras Pneumol"},{"key":"2025101800251538000_3.1.e001531.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab504","article-title":"Smoking Cessation in Tuberculosis Patients and the Risk of Tuberculosis Infection in Child Household Contacts","volume":"73","author":"Chu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["BMJ Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjph-2024-001531","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T07:25:29Z","timestamp":1760772329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjpublichealth.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjph-2024-001531"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjph-2024-001531"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjph-2024-001531","relation":{},"ISSN":["2753-4294"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2753-4294","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}}}