{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T13:35:15Z","timestamp":1782567315920,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]],"date-time":"2025-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745020800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":108,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/igo\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"World Health Organization: UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction","award":["2020\/1026382-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/1026382-0"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["bmjph"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The inability to conceive or delay in conception has negative and multidimensional effects on health and well-being, daily functioning and societal interactions. This study assesses the impact of delayed conception on quality of life (QoL) among Indian women with delayed conception and evaluates the Fertility Quality of Life (FertiQoL) questionnaire\u2019s reliability and construct validity in this population.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A cross-sectional study of 1530\u2009women aged 18\u201330, who had not conceived over a period of 18 months, was conducted in low-to-mid-socioeconomic neighbourhoods in Delhi, India. The 24-item core module of the FertiQoL questionnaire was used to assess participants\u2019 QoL. Researchers analysed data to identify factors associated with QoL scores and evaluated FertiQoL\u2019s internal consistency and validity. Data were collected between July 2020 and August 2021.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The average FertiQoL score was 31.71 out of 100, indicating a moderately low QoL. Among the subscales, emotional (mean: 29.0) and mind-body domains (mean: 25.4) scored the lowest, while the relational domain scored the highest (mean: 50.7). Factors negatively associated with QoL included a longer duration of delayed conception (\u03b2=\u22120.3, 95%\u2009CI: \u22120.5 to \u22120.1), husbands fathering children with other partners (\u03b2=\u22121.1, 95%\u2009CI: \u22121.7 to \u22120.38), domestic violence\u2014emotional (\u03b2=\u22123.5, 95%\u2009CI: \u22124.5 to \u22122.4), verbal (\u03b2=\u22123.2, 95%\u2009CI: \u22124.7 to \u22121.7), physical abuse by family (\u03b2=\u22123.6, 95%\u2009CI: \u22125.5 to \u22121.6), lack of financial support (\u03b2=\u22123.2, 95%\u2009CI: \u22125.2 to \u22121.2), social pressures (\u03b2=\u22121.6, 95%\u2009CI: \u22122.3 to \u22120.9) and physical health issues (\u03b2=\u22120.9, 95%\u2009CI: \u22121.7 to \u22120.2). The FertiQoL tool demonstrated acceptable reliability (Cronbach\u2019s alpha=0.64) and good construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis), confirming its utility in this population.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Indian women experiencing delayed conception have reduced QoL, particularly in emotional and mind-body domains, due to various psychosocial and socioeconomic challenges. The FertiQoL questionnaire proved to be a reliable and valid tool for assessing QoL in this context. Psychosocial interventions addressing emotional, social and economic stressors are urgently needed to improve their well-being. Future research should include men to better understand the holistic challenges faced by couples struggling to conceive.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2024-001740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]],"date-time":"2025-04-20T06:45:16Z","timestamp":1745131516000},"page":"e001740","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Quality of life and its determinants in women with delayed conception in low-mid socioeconomic neighbourhoods of Northern India: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4574-580X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barsha","family":"Gadapani Pathak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, New Delhi, India"},{"name":"Centre for International Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gitau","family":"Mburu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ndema","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Kabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4180-7858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Kiarie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranadip","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neeta","family":"Dhabhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4200-6112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarmila","family":"Mazumder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025083110470488000_3.1.e001740.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.11.025"},{"key":"2025083110470488000_3.1.e001740.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dex234"},{"key":"2025083110470488000_3.1.e001740.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoac051","article-title":"Infertility prevalence and the methods of estimation from 1990 to 2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2022","author":"Cox","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Open"},{"key":"2025083110470488000_3.1.e001740.4","first-page":"440","article-title":"Prevalence & correlates of primary infertility among young women in Mysore, India","volume":"134","author":"Adamson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"2025083110470488000_3.1.e001740.5","article-title":"Prevalence of female infertility and its socio-economic factors in tribal communities of Central India","volume":"7","author":"Kumar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rural Remote Health"},{"key":"2025083110470488000_3.1.e001740.6","unstructured":"Rutstein SOaIHS . Infecundity, infertility, and childlessness in developing countries: DHS comparative reports No.9. Calverton, MD Macro OR; 2016. 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