{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T13:29:56Z","timestamp":1792157396234,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756857600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["bmjph"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diarrhoea and malnutrition (stunting, wasting and underweight) are major public health problems in developing countries, including Nepal. Improved water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) may reduce the global disease burden by as much as 10.0%. This paper aims to examine the effects of the WASH components on diarrhoea and malnutrition rates among children under 5 years in Nepal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey datasets were examined. The sample included children with outcome measures of diarrhoea (n=4846) and malnutrition (n=2363 for stunting, n=2360 for wasting and n=2370 for underweight). The study participants were mothers aged 15\u201349 with children under 5 years on the survey day. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed. The potential confounders were identified through Directed Acyclic Graphs software.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among children under 5 years of age, 7.6% were suffering from diarrhoea, 35.6% from stunting, 9.8% from wasting and 27.1% from underweight. The absence of a fixed place for handwashing was associated with diarrhoea (adjusted OR (aOR)=1.63; 95%CI 1.20 to 2.22). Having no access to an improved toilet arrangement was associated with stunting and being underweight (aOR=1.78; 95%CI 1.25 to 2.55 and aOR=1.45; 95%CI 1.03 to 2.06, respectively). Having no fixed place for handwashing was associated with wasting (aOR=1.52; 95%CI 1.00 to 2.30).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a significant relationship between diarrhoea and combined WASH facilities and mixed effects of an individual WASH components for malnutrition. A fixed place for handwashing can increase the rate of handwashing with soap practices. Importantly, combined WASH components can have positive effects on the control of diarrhoea but not necessarily on the prevention of malnutrition. Further, the results for individual WASH components in the prevention of malnutrition were also mixed. Therefore, further studies are needed to examine the association between combined WASH components and malnutrition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2024-001815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T13:10:15Z","timestamp":1756905015000},"page":"e001815","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effects of mothers\u2019 water, sanitation and hygiene habits on diarrhoea and malnutrition among children under 5 years in Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8022-5474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shalik Ram","family":"Dhital","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Concern Centre for Rural Youth, Kathmandu, Nepal"},{"name":"Centre for Women's Health Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Australia, Newcastle, New South Walses, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Chojenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Women's Health Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Australia, Newcastle, New South Walses, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Loxton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Women's Health Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Australia, Newcastle, New South Walses, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010703061098000_3.2.e001815.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32152-9","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"390","author":"Naghavi","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2026010703061098000_3.2.e001815.2","unstructured":"WHO . 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