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We set out to investigate the magnitude of residual cardiopulmonary manifestations postacute COVID-19 and their associated factors in Tanzania.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was an ambispective study conducted between 26 March 2021 and 30 July 2021, among 712 hospitalised adults confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 in five tertiary-level hospitals in Tanzania. Retrospective data were analysed to determine baseline characteristics of the patients during acute COVID-19 admission. This was linked to prospective data that were collected 2 years postacute hospitalisation with COVID-19 to determine cardiopulmonary complications among these patients. Radiological pulmonary abnormalities were assessed by contrasted CT scan. Lung function tests were measured using a spirometer. Pulmonary hypertension and heart failure were confirmed by a transthoracic echocardiography. Generalised estimating equations were used to assess the associations between sociodemographic factors, clinical characteristics, treatment modalities and residual cardiopulmonary sequelae.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      About half 317\/712 (44.5%) were diagnosed with residual cardiopulmonary complications. Approximately 54% of participants were male. Median age (IQR) was 60 (48\u201369) years. Cardiopulmonary sequelae were significantly associated with body mass index (BMI) \u226525.0\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      compared with those with BMI &lt;25.0 kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (adjusted OR (aOR) (95%\u2009CI)=3.4 (2.47 to 4.84), p&lt;0.001), smokers compared with non-smokers (aOR (95%\u2009CI)=2.39 (1.09 to 5.23), p=0.030] and among participants who did not receive steroids during the acute COVID-19 (aOR (95%\u2009CI)= 1.62(1.16 to 1.92), p=0.042].\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The independent predictors of residual cardiopulmonary manifestations due to COVID-19 were overweight, cigarette smoking, hypoxia and non-use of steroids during the acute phase of COVID-19 disease. Public health interventions addressing weight reduction and smoking cessation in conjunction with steroid use in acute COVID-19 may largely reduce the incidence of cardiopulmonary long COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2024-002082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T03:57:47Z","timestamp":1754884667000},"page":"e002082","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Residual cardiopulmonary manifestations following COVID-19: a Tanzanian ambispective study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1192-4148","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"OSATI","given":"Elisha Fred Otieno","family":"Osati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, United Republic of"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, United Republic of"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tumaini Joseph","family":"Nagu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, United Republic of"},{"name":"Ministry of Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, United Republic of"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael Z","family":"Sangeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, United Republic of"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace Ambrose","family":"Shayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, United Republic of"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, United Republic of"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061600050941000_3.2.e002082.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30079-5","article-title":"Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2026061600050941000_3.2.e002082.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-021-00382-4"},{"key":"2026061600050941000_3.2.e002082.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047549"},{"key":"2026061600050941000_3.2.e002082.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1286","article-title":"Potential Effects of Coronaviruses on the Cardiovascular System: A Review","volume":"5","author":"Madjid","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"2026061600050941000_3.2.e002082.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22878","article-title":"Special Issues for Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Children and Adolescents","volume":"28","author":"Brambilla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"2026061600050941000_3.2.e002082.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106024","article-title":"Extra-respiratory manifestations of COVID-19","volume":"56","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2026061600050941000_3.2.e002082.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30178-4","article-title":"Renal dysfunction in hospitalised children with COVID-19","volume":"4","author":"Stewart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2026061600050941000_3.2.e002082.8","unstructured":"WHO . 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