{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:37:20Z","timestamp":1787017040192,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI139784"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI139784"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1 TR000424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR000424"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Emory SOM I3 \/WHSC Synergy\/Kaiser Permanente Georgia COVID-19 Collaboration","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"Johns Hopkins COVID-19 Research and Response Program award","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"FIA Foundation Award","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["bmjph"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There has been significant debate about both the role of children in SARS-CoV-2 community transmission as well as the potential harm or lack thereof of the virus in the paediatric population. We aimed to better understand how children are impacted by a SARS-CoV-2 household infection and to identify behavioural and social factors related to infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted on households with children and a recent SARS-CoV-2 infection in Atlanta, GA. Participants were enrolled from December 2020 through November 2021. Salivary IgG against SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid antigens was measured and household and infection data collected and analysed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>49 households participated, including 121 adults and 57 children with 118 (66%) individuals having been infected with SARS-CoV-2. Mean SARS-CoV-2 secondary infection rate was 0.55 (95% CI 0.41 to 0.69) and median, 0.67 (range 0\u20131.0). Incidence rate did not differ significantly between households with paediatric versus adult index cases (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.97, 95%\u2009CI 0.63 to 1.49). However, sharing a bedroom or bathroom was associated with a higher incidence of secondary infection (IRR 2.36, 95%\u2009CI 1.49 to 3.74). Neighbourhood deprivation index was associated with higher household SARS-CoV-2 incidence, but this did not reach statistical significance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Child index cases appeared as likely to result in household secondary SARS-CoV-2 infections as adult index cases, while sharing rooms was associated with higher incidence of infection. This study highlights the importance of isolation measures to prevent household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 as well as counters common thought that children are less likely to transmit infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2024-002390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T13:10:20Z","timestamp":1769519420000},"page":"e002390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Roles of children, isolation measures and socioeconomic status in SARS-CoV-2 household transmission: a retrospective cohort study in a southern US city"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4086-9272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica K","family":"Fairley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena S","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quality and Patient Safety, Southeast Permanente Medical Group Inc, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brianna A","family":"Binion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Department of Quality and Patient Safety, Southeast Permanente Medical Group Inc, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kacy D","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan A","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armand","family":"Mbanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quality and Patient Safety, Southeast Permanente Medical Group Inc, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmine R","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel O","family":"Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew H","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felicia","family":"Glover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children\u2019s Healthcare of Atlanta Inc, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher D","family":"Heaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Pisanic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Kruczynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristoffer","family":"Spicer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tolulope","family":"Ojo-Akosile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert F","family":"Breiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan J","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children\u2019s Healthcare of Atlanta Inc, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Lobelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Department of Quality and Patient Safety, Southeast Permanente Medical Group Inc, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-319910"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15962","article-title":"COVID-19 in children and the effect of schools reopening on potential transmission to household members","volume":"110","author":"Shapiro Ben David","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.04.022","article-title":"Lower household transmission rates of SARS-CoV-2 from children compared to adults","volume":"83","author":"Galow","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2020.100014","article-title":"Attack rates amongst household members of outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 in Bergen, Norway: A case-ascertained study","volume":"3","author":"Kuwelker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15371"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson HA , Mousa A , Dighe A , et al . SARS-CoV-2 setting-specific transmission rates: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2021. doi:10.1093\/cid\/ciab100","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab100"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/CID\/CIAA557"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(20)30287-5"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/CID\/CIAA450"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.040"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang XL , Zhang XL , Zhao XN , et al . Transmission potential of asymptomatic and paucisymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections: a three-family cluster study in China. J Infect Dis 2020. doi:10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa206","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa206"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reukers DFM , Boven M , Meijer A , et al . High infection secondary attack rates of SARS-CoV-2 in Dutch households revealed by dense sampling. Clin Infect Dis 2021. doi:10.1093\/cid\/ciab237","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.26.21250512"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis NM , Chu VT , Ye D , et al . Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2020. doi:10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1166","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1166"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-027268","article-title":"Symptoms and Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Among Children - Utah and Wisconsin, March-May 2020","volume":"147","author":"Laws","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2709.204577","article-title":"Patterns of Virus Exposure and Presumed Household Transmission among Persons with Coronavirus Disease, United States, January\u2013April 2020","volume":"27","author":"Burke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab701","article-title":"Household Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in the United States: Living Density, Viral Load, and Disproportionate Impact on Communities of Color","volume":"74","author":"Cerami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.613292","article-title":"Intra-Household and Close-Contact SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Among Children - a Systematic Review","volume":"9","author":"Spielberger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.05.016"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yerly S , Bellon M , Wagner N , et al . SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the upper respiratory tract of children and adults with early acute COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis 2020. doi:10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1157","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1157"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2610.202403"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.3651","article-title":"Age-Related Differences in Nasopharyngeal Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Levels in Patients With Mild to Moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"174","author":"Heald-Sargent","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6931e1"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2610.201315"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.2025","article-title":"Comparison of Symptoms and RNA Levels in Children and Adults With SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Community Setting","volume":"175","author":"Chung","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.2022","article-title":"Implications of SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Children: Getting Back to School and Normal","volume":"175","author":"Rostad","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.26","unstructured":"CDC CfDCaP . Provisional COVID-19 deaths: focus on ages 0-18 years. 2023. Available: https:\/\/data.cdc.gov\/NCHS\/Provisional-COVID-19-Deaths-Focus-on-Ages-0-18-Yea\/nr4s-juj3\/data_preview"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02204-20","article-title":"COVID-19 Serology at Population Scale: SARS-CoV-2-Specific Antibody Responses in Saliva","volume":"59","author":"Pisanic","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2021.104997"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17445647.2020.1750066"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.9317","article-title":"Household Secondary Attack Rates of SARS-CoV-2 by Variant and Vaccination Status: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Madewell","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-022-00870-9"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piaa158","article-title":"Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 Transmission in an Urban Community: The Role of Children and Household Contacts","volume":"10","author":"Pitman-Hunt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piaa097","article-title":"Burden of Illness in Households With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2-Infected Children","volume":"9","author":"Teherani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1146","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1825","article-title":"A Meta-analysis on the Role of Children in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Household Transmission Clusters","volume":"72","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1261","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab228","article-title":"Household Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Transmission and Children: A Network Prospective Study","volume":"73","author":"Soriano-Arandes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.16145","article-title":"Identification of risk factors that increase household transmission of COVID-19 in Afyonkarahisar, Turkey","volume":"16","author":"\u015eenol","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e379","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003251","article-title":"Pediatric Household Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus-2 Infection-Los Angeles County, December 2020 to February 2021","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac125"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac390","article-title":"Impact of Age and Symptom Development on SARS-CoV-2 Transmission in Households With Children\u2014Maryland, New York, and Utah, August 2020\u2013October 2021","volume":"9","author":"Sumner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.06.066","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection risk among vaccinated and unvaccinated household members during the Alpha variant surge \u2013 Denver, Colorado, and San Diego, California, January\u2013April 2021","volume":"40","author":"McCormick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine (Auckl)"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12020113","article-title":"Association between COVID-19 Vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 Infection among Household Contacts of Infected Individuals: A Prospective Household Study in England","volume":"12","author":"Muhsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwae334","article-title":"Reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among household contacts with recent vaccination and past COVID-19 infection: results from 2 multisite case-ascertained household transmission studies","volume":"194","author":"Rolfes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31494-y","article-title":"Effect of vaccination on household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant of concern","volume":"13","author":"Lyngse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniel Kelly J , Lu S , Anglin K , et al . Magnitude and determinants of SARS-CoV-2 household transmission: a longitudinal cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 2022. doi:10.1093\/cid\/ciac545","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac545"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-024-02069-y","article-title":"Racial and Ethnic Disparities and the National Burden of COVID-19 on Inpatient Hospitalizations: A Retrospective Study in the United States in the Year 2020","volume":"12","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1080\/10511482.2022.2104336","article-title":"Racial Disparities in COVID-19 Case Positivity and Social Context: The Role of Housing, Neighborhood, and Health Insurance","volume":"34","author":"Lowell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hous Policy Debate"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.7197"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2023.03.010","article-title":"Seroepidemiology and risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection among household members of food processing and farm workers in North Carolina","volume":"7","author":"Sciaudone","year":"2023","journal-title":"IJID Reg"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.50","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 transmission in a highly vulnerable population of Brazil: a household cohort study","volume":"36","author":"Coelho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Am"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab753","article-title":"Latino Household Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2","volume":"74","author":"Martinez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48098-3","article-title":"High SARS-CoV-2 incidence and asymptomatic fraction during Delta and Omicron BA.1 waves in The Gambia","volume":"15","author":"Jarju","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v49i04a08"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae069","article-title":"Household Transmission Dynamics of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2-Infected Children: A Multinational, Controlled Case-Ascertained Prospective Study","volume":"78","author":"Funk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.4149\/BLL_2024_50","article-title":"Secondary attack rate of COVID-19 in shared households in Slovakia","volume":"125","author":"Brazinova","year":"2024","journal-title":"BLL"},{"key":"2026012705100573000_4.1.e002390.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17660","article-title":"Evaluating immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in nursing home residents using saliva IgG","volume":"70","author":"Katz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"}],"container-title":["BMJ Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjph-2024-002390","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T13:10:27Z","timestamp":1769519427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjpublichealth.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjph-2024-002390"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjph-2024-002390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjph-2024-002390","relation":{},"ISSN":["2753-4294"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2753-4294","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}}}