{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T17:01:07Z","timestamp":1790182867258,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":84,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["bmjph"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence from developing countries showed that short interpregnancy intervals are associated with low birth weight (LBW) and preterm birth (PB). However, in Ethiopia, the association between short birth intervals and LBW and PB remains inconclusive. Therefore, this review aimed to provide a comprehensive nationwide estimate of the association between short interpregnancy intervals and LBW and PB in Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed\/Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane library, Google Scholar and institutional repositories were searched to retrieve relevant articles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Eligibility criteria<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All observational studies conducted in Ethiopia that reported the association between short interpregnancy intervals and LBW, PB or both were included. Studies were excluded if they were animal studies, case reports, conference abstracts or had insufficient data to compute the required effect estimates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data extraction and synthesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two independent reviewers extracted the data using a standardised data extraction form. Stata V.14 was used for data analysis. A random-effects model was applied to estimate the pooled association between short interpregnancy interval and LBW and PB, with 95% CIs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women with a short interpregnancy interval had 1.34 times higher odds of delivering an LBW infant (OR=1.34; 95% CI: 1.14 to 1.58) and 1.56 times higher odds of PB (OR=1.56; 95%\u2009CI: 1.27 to 1.92) compared with women with an optimal birth interval.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Short interpregnancy interval was associated with an increased risk of LBW and PB. Therefore, community- and facility-based interventions promoting optimal birth spacing, alongside universal access to family planning services\u2014including modern contraceptive methods and breastfeeding promotion\u2014are recommended.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2024-002472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T16:05:20Z","timestamp":1790179520000},"page":"e002472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of short interpregnancy interval with low birth weight and preterm birth in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7660-1776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Habitamu","family":"Mekonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Nutrition, Debre Markos University College of Health Science, Debre Markos, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Fentaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"2","given":"Almaw Genet","family":"Yeshiwas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gashaw Melkie","family":"Bayeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2388-3171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tilahun Degu","family":"Tsega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3798-0941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sintayehu Simie","family":"Tsega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asaye Alamneh","family":"Gebeyehu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amare Genetu","family":"Ejigu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeamanuel Anteneh","family":"Yigzaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abathun","family":"Temesgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anley Shiferaw","family":"Enawgaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Getasew","family":"Yirdaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, P.O. Box 269, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chalachew","family":"Yenew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahel Mulatie","family":"Anteneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berhanu Abebaw","family":"Mekonnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1852-0771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meron Asmamaw","family":"Alemayehu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0879-3303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Getaneh Atikilt","family":"Yemata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zufan Alamrie","family":"Asmare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine and Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abebaw Molla","family":"Kebede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1590\/S1519-38292012000300003","article-title":"The impact of the interpregnancy interval on birth weight and other pregnancy outcomes","volume":"12","author":"Bener","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Bras Saude Mater Infant"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.2","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Report of a WHO technical consultation on birth spacing: Geneva, Switzerland 13-15 June 2005. World Health Organization, 2007."},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-S3-S6","article-title":"Exploring the association between short\/long preceding birth intervals and child mortality: using reference birth interval children of the same mother as comparison","volume":"13 Suppl 3","author":"Kozuki","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2004.11.012"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.3109\/14767050903009222","article-title":"Low birth weight, preterm birth and short interpregnancy interval in Sudan","volume":"22","author":"Adam","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-0929-5","article-title":"Effect of interpregnancy interval on adverse pregnancy outcomes in northern Tanzania: a registry-based retrospective cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Mahande","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed S , Abayneh M , Bekele D , et al . Short birth interval predicts the risk of preterm birth among pregnant women in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. In Review [Preprint] 2020. doi:10.21203\/rs.3.rs-30085\/v1","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-30085\/v1"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126759","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of short birth interval on infant mortality in Ethiopia","volume":"10","author":"Dadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237602","article-title":"A multilevel analysis of short birth interval and its determinants among reproductive age women in developing regions of Ethiopia","volume":"15","author":"Aychiluhm","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2010.09.005"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.11","unstructured":"Weise A . WHA global nutrition targets 2025: low birth weight policy brief. WHO Publ, 2012:1\u20137."},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)71048-5"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.13","unstructured":"Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI) [Ethiopia] and ICF . Ethiopia mini demographic and health survey 2019: key indicators. Rockville, Maryland, USA: EPHI and ICF, 2019."},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31593-8"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3979-8","article-title":"Cause of neonatal deaths in Northern Ethiopia: a prospective cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Mengesha","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.16","unstructured":"Yesuf A , Hagos S , Assefa M . Effect of interpregnancy interval on low birth weight in Gondar and Bahir Dar referral hospital: a case control study from north west Ethiopia. JHNM 2016;31."},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4675701","article-title":"Determinants of Low Birth Weight among Newborns Delivered at Public Hospitals in Sidama Zone, South Ethiopia: Unmatched Case-Control Study","volume":"2020","author":"Bekela","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pregnancy"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-015-0677-y","article-title":"Risk factors for low birth weight in Bale zone hospitals, South-East Ethiopia: a case-control study","volume":"15","author":"Demelash","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S285055","article-title":"Low Birth Weight and Associated Factors Among Newborn Babies in Health Institutions in Dessie, Amhara, Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Jember","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.4236\/fns.2019.104032","article-title":"Predictors of low birth weight in newborn delivered in public Hospital of Gurage Zone, southern Ethiopia: a case-control study","volume":"10","author":"Egata","year":"2019","journal-title":"FNS"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1854073","article-title":"Determinants of Preterm Birth among Women Who Gave Birth in Amhara Region Referral Hospitals, Northern Ethiopia, 2018: Institutional Based Case Control Study","volume":"2020","author":"Mekuriyaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2147\/PHMT.S174789","article-title":"Determinants of preterm birth at Jimma University Medical Center, southwest Ethiopia","volume":"9","author":"Abaraya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatric Health Med Ther"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.24","unstructured":"WHO . Report of a WHO technical consultation on birth spacing. Geneva, Switzerland, 2007."},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-020-00890-9","article-title":"Maternal factors associated with low birth weight in public hospitals of Mekelle city, Ethiopia: a case-control study","volume":"46","author":"Desta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.953481","article-title":"Effect of short inter-pregnancy interval on perinatal outcomes among pregnant women in North-west Ethiopia: A prospective cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Gurmu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3693-y","article-title":"Risk factors of preterm birth among mothers who gave birth in public hospitals of central zone, Tigray, Ethiopia: unmatched case-control study 2017\/2018","volume":"11","author":"Teklay","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265594","article-title":"Factors associated with preterm birth among mothers who gave birth at public Hospitals in Sidama regional state, Southeast Ethiopia: Unmatched case-control study","volume":"17","author":"Fetene","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.29","unstructured":"Lockwood CJ , Christina SH , Funai E . Queenan\u2019s management of high-risk pregnancy: an evidence-based approach.2011:209."},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2012.03.022"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.31","unstructured":"Munn Z , Moola S , Lisy K , et al . The Joanna Briggs institute reviewers\u2019 manual. The systematic review of prevalence and incidence data. Adelaide: The Joanna Briggs Institute, 2014."},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.11.014"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.33","unstructured":"Rendina-Gobioff G . Detecting publication bias in random effects meta-analysis: an empirical comparison of statistical methods. 2006."},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312120940544","article-title":"Determinants of low birth weight among live birth newborns delivered at public hospitals in Gamo Gofa Zone, South Ethiopia: Unmatched case control study","volume":"8","author":"Mingude","year":"2020","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2019.34.68.18234","article-title":"Low birth weight: prevalence and associated factors among newborns at hospitals in Kambata-Tembaro zone, southern Ethiopia 2018","volume":"34","author":"Alemu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225060","article-title":"Determinants of preterm birth among mothers who gave birth at public hospitals in the Amhara region, Ethiopia: A case-control study","volume":"14","author":"Woday","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4650-0","article-title":"Preterm births and associated factors among mothers who gave birth in Axum and Adwa Town public hospitals, Northern Ethiopia, 2018","volume":"12","author":"Aregawi","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4439-1","article-title":"Does short inter-pregnancy interval predicts the risk of preterm birth in Northern Ethiopia?","volume":"12","author":"Brhane","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469580211047199","DOI":"10.1177\/00469580211047199","article-title":"Determinants of Low Birth Weight Among Women Who Gave Birth at Public Health Facilities in North Shewa Zone: Unmatched Case-Control Study","volume":"58","author":"Deriba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inquiry"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-018-0516-7","article-title":"Factors associated with low birthweight in North Shewa zone, Central Ethiopia: case-control study","volume":"44","author":"Gizaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40748-022-00138-w","article-title":"Effects of inter-pregnancy intervals on preterm birth, low birth weight and perinatal deaths in urban South Ethiopia: a prospective cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Jena","year":"2022","journal-title":"Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.42","first-page":"1","article-title":"Preterm birth and associated factors among mother who gave birth in public health hospitals in Harar town eastern Ethiopia 2019","volume":"1","author":"Zewde","year":"2020","journal-title":"OSP J Health Care Med"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.15.1809"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2009.06.006"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.45","first-page":"S25","article-title":"Effect of interpregnancy interval on birth outcomes: findings from three recent US studies","volume":"89 Suppl 1","author":"Zhu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2007.03.014"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294747","article-title":"Effect of short inter-pregnancy interval on perinatal and maternal outcomes among pregnant women in SSA 2023: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Beyene","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3506(84)80099-2"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3126\/hren.v13i3.17965","article-title":"The effect of birth interval on fetal outcomes","volume":"13","author":"Thapaliya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Renaissance"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22708","article-title":"Short interpregnancy interval and low birth weight: A role of parity","volume":"27","author":"Merklinger-Gruchala","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009701","article-title":"Short interpregnancy intervals and the risk of adverse birth outcomes among five racial\/ethnic groups in the United States","volume":"148","author":"Khoshnood","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-014-0427-6","article-title":"Determinants and consequences of short birth interval in rural Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"de Jonge","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"2026092309051162000_4.3.e002472.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1326596","article-title":"Birth Intervals and Associated Factors among Women Attending Young Child Clinic in Yumbe Hospital, Uganda","volume":"2020","author":"Aleni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Reprod Med"}],"container-title":["BMJ Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjph-2024-002472","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T16:05:29Z","timestamp":1790179529000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjpublichealth.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjph-2024-002472"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjph-2024-002472"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjph-2024-002472","relation":{},"ISSN":["2753-4294"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2753-4294","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}}}