{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T14:05:33Z","timestamp":1767794733210,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":176,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Australia","award":["PFS23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PFS23"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["bmjph"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing stigma or discrimination against people with lived experience of incarceration (PLEIC), and to assess the role of \u2018Key Active Ingredients (KAI)\u2019 in influencing changes in stigma-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviours.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematic review (registered with PROSPERO CRD42024508685).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MEDLINE, Emcare, EMBASE, PsycINFO, HeinOnline, Sociology Source Ultimate and Web of Science were searched from January 2010 to September 2024.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Eligibility criteria<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Included studies were intervention-based, published in English from 2010 to present, where at least one primary or secondary outcome was stigma-related. There were no restrictions on context, type or level of stigma or study populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data extraction and synthesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We adapted the KAI model for effective anti-stigma interventions as an a priori framework. An \u2018Active Ingredient Score (AIS)\u2019 was developed to measure the impact of KAIs on each anti-stigma intervention. Quality assessment was conducted using the Cochrane Collaboration\u2019s Risk of Bias and the Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistical Assessment and Review Instrument.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3926 articles were screened, of which 16 were included, covering 8815 participants across five countries. No studies from low or middle-income countries were found. 12 studies investigated the post-intervention impact on knowledge (positive=11), 12 investigated the impact on attitude (positive=10) and 8 investigated the impact on behaviour (positive=2) towards PLEIC. Of the eight KAIs, only \u2018myth-busting\u2019 correlated with greater post-intervention effects on knowledge and attitudes. Both online and face-to-face interventions were equally effective. Overall, study methods were strong for the included randomised control trials (n=3), but weak to moderate for the non-randomised interventions (n=13).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anti-stigma interventions are highly effective at impacting stigma-related knowledge and attitudes towards PLEIC, with myth-busting emerging as an important component. More research, particularly involving women and adolescents, is needed to identify ways to achieve positive impacts on stigma-related behaviour, with longer study follow-up durations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2025-002803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T10:00:24Z","timestamp":1766656824000},"page":"e002803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reducing stigma towards incarcerated populations: a systematic review of intervention studies"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8512-3901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tazeen","family":"Majeed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9258-1372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Stuckler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universita Bocconi Dipartimento di Analisi delle Politiche e Management Pubblico, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Breuer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristiane Silvestre","family":"Paula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Service and Population Research Department, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanmay","family":"Bagade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Smriti","family":"Nepal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Jarrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leigh","family":"Haysom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Malabar, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"College Health Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8718-2753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Malabar, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"College Health Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4691-2630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Evans-Lacko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Care Policy and Evaluation Centre, The London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010703073836000_3.2.e002803.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1177\/00938548221108932","article-title":"Conceptualizing and Measuring Public Stigma Toward People With Prison Records","volume":"49","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crim Justice Behav"},{"key":"2026010703073836000_3.2.e002803.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kury H . 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