{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T21:49:59Z","timestamp":1791841799271,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760659200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":108,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["bmjph"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Understanding the link between near visual display device (NVDD) use and the parameters of the eye\u2019s accommodation and vergence (PEAV) can impact vision therapy and optometric advice. This study examined the relationship between the duration of NVDD use and PEAV among high school students in Cape Coast, Ghana.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This school-based cross-sectional study employed multistage sampling to administer reliable questionnaires (on the frequency of NVDD usage, ergonomic factors and computer vision syndrome symptoms) to 326 high school students. The PEAV were assessed over maximum plus for the best-corrected visual acuity refractive correction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The duration of usage of NVDD correlated with deteriorations in: measures of latent ocular squints (near heterophoria (r\n                      <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                      =0.360, p=0.0001)); eye\u2019s ability to converge (near point of convergence (r\n                      <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                      =0.369, p=0.0001)); ability to change between convergence and divergence (vergence facility (r\n                      <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                      =\u22120.340, p=0.0001)); ability to compensate for near squints (negative fusional vergence break (r\n                      <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                      =\u22120.352, p=0.0001) and positive fusional vergence break (r\n                      <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                      =\u22120.322, p=0.0001) at near); refractive power to accommodate (accommodative amplitude (r\n                      <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                      =\u22120.340, p=0.0001)); ability to switch between near and distance targets (monocular accommodative facility (r\n                      <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                      =\u22120.377, p=0.0001)) and response to focusing a target (accommodative response (r\n                      <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                      =0.382, p=0.0001)).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using NVDD for more than two hours a day correlated with clinically significant deterioration in the PEAV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2025-003041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T11:20:22Z","timestamp":1760700022000},"page":"e003041","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association between near visual display device usage and the eye\u2019s accommodation and vergence parameters: a cross-sectional study of high school children in Cape Coast, Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8226-5912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Darko-Takyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry and Vision Science, University of Cape Coast, College of Health and Allied Sciences, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas Welbeck","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry and Vision Science, University of Cape Coast, College of Health and Allied Sciences, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel Bert","family":"Boadi-Kusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry and Vision Science, University of Cape Coast, College of Health and Allied Sciences, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Ntodie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry and Vision Science, University of Cape Coast, College of Health and Allied Sciences, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl Halladay","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry and Vision Science, University of Cape Coast, College of Health and Allied Sciences, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel Kwasi","family":"Abu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry and Vision Science, University of Cape Coast, College of Health and Allied Sciences, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sedinam","family":"Amewuzah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry and Vision Science, University of Cape Coast, College of Health and Allied Sciences, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Essien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry and Vision Science, University of Cape Coast, College of Health and Allied Sciences, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8193-8959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bright Osei","family":"Wiafe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry and Vision Science, University of Cape Coast, College of Health and Allied Sciences, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Ocansey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry and Vision Science, University of Cape Coast, College of Health and Allied Sciences, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010703071073000_3.2.e003041.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2016.03.016","article-title":"Computer and visual display terminals (VDT) vision syndrome (CVDTS)","volume":"72","author":"Parihar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med J Armed Forces India"},{"key":"2026010703071073000_3.2.e003041.2","unstructured":"Simon K . 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