{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T09:33:02Z","timestamp":1780392782056,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":35,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["bmjph"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Glycaemic control (GC) is crucial for preventing complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and remains a major public health challenge in Nepal, particularly in Madhesh Province. Evidence on gender differences in GC and their associated factors is limited. This study examined gender-specific variations in GC and determinants of good GC among adults with T2DM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted among adults with physician-diagnosed T2DM in Madhesh Province. GC was assessed using fasting plasma glucose (FPG). Good GC was defined as FPG 80\u2013130 mg\/dL and poor GC as &gt;130 mg\/dL, following American Diabetes Association criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise participant characteristics, and gender-stratified binary logistic regression analyses identified factors associated with good GC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 492 individuals with T2DM (256 males and 236 females) were included. Overall, 59.3% achieved good GC, with a slightly higher proportion among males than females (60.5% vs 58.1%). Among females, good GC was significantly associated with age \u226535 years (adjusted OR (aOR) 20.81; 95% CI 8.96 to 48.28; p&lt;0.05), normal body weight (aOR 4.76; 95% CI 1.38 to 16.36; p&lt;0.05), antihypertensive medication use (aOR 6.94; 95% CI 2.48 to 19.42; p&lt;0.05), regular physician visits (aOR 4.81; 95% CI 1.48 to 15.56; p&lt;0.01), adequate sleep duration (&gt;8 hours\/day) (aOR 2.57; 95% CI 1.01 to 6.62; p&lt;0.05), regular physical activity (\u226530 minutes\/day) (aOR 3.89; 95% CI 1.45 to 10.36; p&lt;0.01) and health insurance coverage (aOR 2.96; 95% CI 1.06 to 8.34; p&lt;0.05). Being a housewife was not significantly associated with good GC (aOR 3.66; 95% CI 0.50 to 6.96; p=0.187).<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Among males, primary-level education compared with higher education was negatively associated with good GC (aOR 0.34; 95% CI 0.15 to 0.76; p=0.009), and retirement status was also negatively associated with good GC (aOR 0.30; 95% CI 0.11 to 0.85; p&lt;0.05). Regular physical activity (aOR 15.42; 95% CI 2.80 to 85.08; p=0.002), adherence to dietitian-recommended diets (aOR 10.85; 95% CI 1.70 to 69.65; p&lt;0.05) and health insurance coverage were significantly associated with good GC among males.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Less than two-thirds of adults with T2DM achieved recommended GC. Gender-specific sociodemographic, behavioural and healthcare-related factors influence GC, highlighting the need for gender-responsive diabetes interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2025-003043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T13:51:23Z","timestamp":1770299483000},"page":"e003043","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Gender differences and factors associated with glycaemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Madhesh Province, Nepal: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Nitendra Kumar","family":"Chaurasia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md","family":"Mothashin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rajshahi, 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