{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T15:38:56Z","timestamp":1772725136735,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":63,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015369","name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RFA-2301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RFA-2301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015369","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["bmjph"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cardiovascular health remains susceptible to inaccurate information, which can harm health outcomes. This scoping review addresses a gap in comprehensive analyses by synthesising evidence on the prevalence, spread, impact and correction strategies related to cardiovascular health misinformation across diverse populations and settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines, we searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Index Medicus, Web of Science. A dual-reviewer process, using Covidence, screened articles in two phases (title\/abstract, full-text) based on predefined inclusion criteria. Data extraction was performed by two reviewers, and results were synthesised narratively, presented by tables and figures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 6348 screened articles, 22 were included. The review reveals widespread misinformation concerning smoking, nutrition, blood pressure, weight management, alcohol consumption and diabetes care. Specific examples include misleading claims about e-cigarette safety and the downplaying of alcohol\u2019s harms. A substantial proportion of social media posts falsely discourage salt reduction (reaching 1.5\u2009million followers) and a significant number of diet\/exercise vlogs (36.7%) and YouTube videos on myocardial infarction (one-third) contain inaccuracies, often originating from unreliable sources. Instagram, Facebook, YouTube and X were identified as key platforms for dissemination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review demonstrates that cardiovascular health misinformation is widespread and shaped by both platform dynamics and user-level factors. Addressing this challenge requires coordinated strategies that strengthen digital literacy, enhance visibility of evidence-based content and reduce the reach of misinformation. Collaborative efforts between public health agencies, clinical institutions and technology platforms are essential to ensure that trustworthy cardiovascular disease-related information reaches the public.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2025-003225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T14:40:19Z","timestamp":1772721619000},"page":"e003225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Misinformation on cardiovascular disease spreads through social networks: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0102-8844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Buna","family":"Bhandari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dwyer School of Health Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, Indiana University, South Bend, Indiana, USA"},{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6386-6643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica Hanae","family":"Zafra-Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pranab","family":"Mahapatra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Njelekela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sudha","family":"Ramalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iuliia","family":"Pavlovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health, and Epidemiological Research of Venezuela, Foundation of Clinic, Barquisimeto, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan Pablo","family":"Gonzalez-Rivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Public Health, and Epidemiological Research of Venezuela, Foundation of Clinic, Barquisimeto, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026030506401206000_4.1.e003225.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01713-6"},{"key":"2026030506401206000_4.1.e003225.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.119.005869","article-title":"Medical Misinformation","volume":"12","author":"Hill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"2026030506401206000_4.1.e003225.3","first-page":"505","article-title":"Combating online health misinformation: a professional\u2019s guide to helping the public (Medical Library Association Books)","volume":"72","author":"Siemensma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Aust Libr Inf Assoc"},{"key":"2026030506401206000_4.1.e003225.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.29173\/jchla29674","article-title":"Combating Online Health Misinformation: A Professional\u2019s Guide to Helping the Public (book review)","volume":"44","author":"Kitchin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Can Health Libr Assoc"},{"key":"2026030506401206000_4.1.e003225.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115398","article-title":"Why do people believe health misinformation and who is at risk? 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