{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T16:11:44Z","timestamp":1789575104009,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"VESKI Fair Fellowship","award":["No award\/grant number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No award\/grant number"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["bmjph"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study aims to examine suicide mortality across occupational groups by sex and to assess temporal trends between 2001 and 2022 among the employed working-age population in Australia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analysed data from the National Coronial Information System (NCIS), restricted to individuals aged 15\u201364\u2009who were employed at the time of death. Suicide risk was estimated for 43 occupational groups for both males and females. Joinpoint regression was used to assess suicide trends and identify statistically significant changes in suicide rates over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 20\u2009055 suicides were included, 16\u2009708 males and 3347 females. 10 occupational groups were identified as high-risk for suicide, characterised by significantly elevated incident rate ratio (IRR) with no significant change in suicide rates over time. This included Arts and Media Professionals (IRR 1.31); Health Professionals (IRR 1.43); Construction Trades Workers (IRR 1.27); Skilled Animal, Agricultural and Horticultural Workers (IRR 1.26); Hospitality Workers (IRR 1.39); Protective Service Workers (IRR 1.60); Clerical and Office Support Workers (IRR 1.50); Machine and Stationary Plant Operators (IRR 2.11); Construction and Mining Labourers (IRR 4.79) and Farm, Forestry and Garden Workers (IRR 1.85). Males working at the higher skill level occupations demonstrated a significantly lower risk of suicide when compared with other workers; whereas those working in low-skilled level occupations have a significantly higher risk of suicide. This skill-level gradient was not observed among females. Occupations where elevated suicide risk was observed only among female workers included Health Professionals (IRR 2.13), Automotive and Engineering Trades Workers (IRR 3.33) and Mobile Plant Operators (IRR 2.62).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results highlight the intersecting impact of sex, occupation and skill levels on suicide risk. Prevention efforts must address structural and contextual factors within high-risk occupations, especially where occupational demands override typical protective factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2025-003662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T15:30:13Z","timestamp":1789572613000},"page":"e003662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Suicide across occupational groups in Australia, 2001\u20132022: a retrospective mortality study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7474-7727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Humaira","family":"Maheen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Equity Research Centre, School of Global, Urban and Social Studies, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091608300602000_4.3.e003662.1","unstructured":"AIHW . Suicide and intentional self-harm. 2024. Available: https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/suicide-self-harm-monitoring\/overview\/summary [Accessed 05 Jun 2025]."},{"key":"2026091608300602000_4.3.e003662.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.07.037"},{"key":"2026091608300602000_4.3.e003662.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.128405"},{"key":"2026091608300602000_4.3.e003662.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6903a1"},{"key":"2026091608300602000_4.3.e003662.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22228","article-title":"Occupation and suicide: Colorado, 2004-2006","volume":"56","author":"Stallones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"2026091608300602000_4.3.e003662.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2019.43"},{"key":"2026091608300602000_4.3.e003662.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.23624"},{"key":"2026091608300602000_4.3.e003662.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1288-0","article-title":"Access to means of suicide, occupation and the risk of suicide: a national study over 12 years of coronial data","volume":"17","author":"Milner","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026091608300602000_4.3.e003662.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1108\/JPMH-09-2021-0114","article-title":"Dying at work. Work-related suicide \u2013 how does the UK regulatory context measure up?","volume":"21","author":"Waters","year":"2022","journal-title":"JPMH"},{"key":"2026091608300602000_4.3.e003662.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00048670903487142"},{"key":"2026091608300602000_4.3.e003662.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24575-x","article-title":"Suicide trends among Australian construction workers during years 2001-2019","volume":"12","author":"Maheen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026091608300602000_4.3.e003662.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2023.03.003","article-title":"Suicide in the Australian Mining Industry: Assessment of Rates among Male Workers Using 19 Years of Coronial Data","volume":"14","author":"King","year":"2023","journal-title":"Saf Health Work"},{"key":"2026091608300602000_4.3.e003662.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja15.01044"},{"key":"2026091608300602000_4.3.e003662.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00048674221144263"},{"key":"2026091608300602000_4.3.e003662.15","first-page":"281","article-title":"Suicide among emergency and protective service workers: A retrospective mortality study in Australia, 2001 to 2012","volume":"57","author":"Milner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"2026091608300602000_4.3.e003662.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2020-106757"},{"key":"2026091608300602000_4.3.e003662.17","unstructured":"National Coronial Information System . 2006. 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Deaths by suicide over time suicide and self harm monitoring. 2023. Available: https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/suicide-self-harm-monitoring\/overview\/suicide-deaths#Have-suicide-rates-changed-over-time [Accessed 11 Jun 2026]."},{"key":"2026091608300602000_4.3.e003662.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12205","article-title":"Suicide by occupational skill level in the Australian construction industry: data from 2001 to 2010","volume":"38","author":"Milner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health"},{"key":"2026091608300602000_4.3.e003662.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03584.x","article-title":"Achieving standardised reporting of suicide in Australia: rationale and program for change","volume":"192","author":"De Leo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med J Aust"}],"container-title":["BMJ Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjph-2025-003662","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T15:30:18Z","timestamp":1789572618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjpublichealth.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjph-2025-003662"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjph-2025-003662"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjph-2025-003662","relation":{},"ISSN":["2753-4294"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2753-4294","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}}}