{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:27:59Z","timestamp":1792787279640,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Network Grant - Swedish Research Links","award":["2019-03892"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-03892"]}]},{"name":"Karolinska Institutet Travel Grants","award":["2025-00374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-00374"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/056d84691","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["bmjph"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2025-004154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:10:16Z","timestamp":1791889816000},"page":"e004154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence, patterns and factors associated with over-the-counter antibiotic purchase: a cross-sectional study in private pharmacies in Montserrado County, Liberia"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Bode Ireti","family":"Shobayo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Stockholm County, Sweden"},{"name":"NPHIL, National Public Health Institute of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Stalsby Lundborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Stockholm County, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9226-6441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Nordenstedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Stockholm County, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamba","family":"Fayiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of Liberia, Fendell Louisiana, Liberia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mosoka","family":"Fallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Center for Disease Control, African Union, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9165-9393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megha","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Stockholm County, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Ruxmaniben Deepchand Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-009-9294-z"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239388","article-title":"Inadequate knowledge on appropriate antibiotics use among clients in the Moshi municipality Northern Tanzania","volume":"15","author":"Mboya","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70780-7"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein EY , Impalli I , Poleon S , et al . Global trends in antibiotic consumption during 2016\u20132023 and future projections through 2030. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2024;121. doi:10.1073\/pnas.2411919121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2411919121"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70054-8"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tula MY , Iyoha O , Iruolaje FO . n.d. Antibiotic Resistance: Challenges and Prospect for Therapy in Developing Countries. BJPR 8:1\u201316. doi:10.9734\/BJPR\/2015\/19061","DOI":"10.9734\/BJPR\/2015\/19061"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e610","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00024-3","article-title":"Community-based antibiotic access and use in six low-income and middle-income countries: a mixed-method approach","volume":"9","author":"Do","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ891","article-title":"Utilization of Healthcare in the Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program","volume":"62 Suppl 1","author":"Panzner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.01.014","article-title":"Self-medication and self-prescription with antibiotics in the Middle East-do they really happen? A systematic review of the prevalence, possible reasons, and outcomes","volume":"57","author":"Alhomoud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S203364","article-title":"Self-medication of antibiotics: investigating practice among university students at the Malaysian National Defence University","volume":"12","author":"Haque","year":"2019","journal-title":"IDR"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.11","first-page":"9","article-title":"Misconceptions and Knowledge Gaps on Antibiotic Use and Resistance in Four Healthcare Settings and Five European Countries-A Modified Delphi Study","volume":"12","author":"Chalkidou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2021.100717","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and practices related to antibiotic use and resistance among the general public of coastal south Karnataka, India \u2013 A cross-sectional survey","volume":"11","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-024-01458-6","article-title":"Pharmacies and use of antibiotics: a cross sectional study in 19 Arab countries","volume":"13","author":"Hafez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00370","article-title":"Funding and Service Organization to Achieve Universal Health Coverage for Medicines: An Economic Evaluation of the Best Investment and Service Organization for the Brazilian Scenario","volume":"11","author":"Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(86)90038-9"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000433","article-title":"Quality of private and public ambulatory health care in low and middle income countries: systematic review of comparative studies","volume":"8","author":"Berendes","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40545-020-00288-2","article-title":"Ten recommendations to improve pharmacy practice in low and middle-income countries (LMICs)","volume":"14","author":"Babar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pharm Policy Pract"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czw007"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2018.07.001","article-title":"Global access to antibiotics without prescription in community pharmacies: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"78","author":"Auta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-020-00880-w","article-title":"Non-prescription dispensing of antibiotic agents among community drug retail outlets in Sub-Saharan African countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Belachew","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.21","unstructured":"World Bank Country and Lending Groups . World Bank Data Help Desk. Available: https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups [Accessed 6 Apr 2025]."},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-056709","article-title":"Emergency department antimicrobial use in a low-resource setting: results from a retrospective observational study at a referral hospital in Liberia","volume":"12","author":"Yi","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.23","unstructured":"National action plan on prevention and containment of antimicrobial resistance in Liberia."},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.24","article-title":"Assessment of knowledge and disposal practices of unused and expired household medicines in a community in Liberia","volume":"12","author":"Toe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.25","first-page":"8","article-title":"Dispensing Antibiotics without Prescription at Community Pharmacies and Accredited Drug Dispensing Outlets in Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"10","author":"Ndaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e398","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(18)30186-4","article-title":"Anthropological and socioeconomic factors contributing to global antimicrobial resistance: a univariate and multivariable analysis","volume":"2","author":"Collignon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.27","unstructured":"World Health Organization . WHO operational package for assessing, monitoring and evaluating country pharmaceutical situations: guide for coordinators and data collectors. 2007. Available: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/69927 [Accessed 22 Sep 2023]."},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JGF2.600"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-032422","article-title":"Survey of the pattern of antibiotic dispensing in private pharmacies in Nepal","volume":"9","author":"Nepal","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.30","unstructured":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health . ATCDDD - ATC\/DDD index. Available: https:\/\/atcddd.fhi.no\/atc_ddd_index\/ [Accessed 7 Oct 2024]."},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11165-016-9602-2","article-title":"The Use of Cronbach\u2019s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education","volume":"48","author":"Taber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res Sci Educ"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13600","article-title":"Comparative assessment of the prevalence, practices and factors associated with self\u2010medication with antibiotics in Africa","volume":"26","author":"Yeika","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tropical Med Int Health"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1298858","article-title":"WHO AWaRe classification for antibiotic stewardship: tackling antimicrobial resistance - a descriptive study from an English NHS Foundation Trust prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"14","author":"Abdelsalam Elshenawy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.34","unstructured":"World health organization. 2018. Available: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/277359\/9789241514880-eng.pdf [Accessed 7 Oct 2024]."},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/8074413","article-title":"Attitudes and Practices of the Use of Third-Generation Cephalosporins among Medical Doctors Practicing in Cameroon","volume":"2023","author":"Menkem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.36","first-page":"09","article-title":"Drivers of inappropriate use of antimicrobials in South Asia: A systematic review of qualitative literature","volume":"2023","author":"Murray","year":"2023","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2023.2259106"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2710.2011.01293.x"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S337364","article-title":"Non-Prescription Antibiotics Use and Associated Factors Among Drug Retail Outlets in Ambo, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"15","author":"Ayana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adherence"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2005.016352"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-022-01905-6","article-title":"Non-prescribed antibiotic dispensing practices for symptoms of urinary tract infection in community pharmacies and accredited drug dispensing outlets in Tanzania: a simulated clients approach","volume":"23","author":"Ndaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Prim Care"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-019-03655-3"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/520427"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152020","article-title":"The Impact of WHO Essential Medicines Policies on Inappropriate Use of Antibiotics","volume":"11","author":"Holloway","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssaho.2025.101456","article-title":"The roles and contributions of women to the health of their families and household economics in rural areas in the district of Mbe, Cameroon","volume":"11","author":"Chance","year":"2025","journal-title":"Social Sciences & Humanities Open"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106779","article-title":"Gender disparities in difficulty accessing healthcare and cost-related medication non-adherence: The CDC behavioral risk factor surveillance system (BRFSS) survey","volume":"153","author":"Daher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.47","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Republic of Liberia . Liberia essential medicine list. 2023. Available: https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/essential-medicines\/national-essential-medicines-lists(neml)\/afro_neml\/liberia_neml_2023.pdf?sfvrsn=cab43ca8_1&download=true"},{"key":"2026101304101273000_4.4.e004154.48","unstructured":"The who aware (access, watch, reserve) antibiotic book - infographics. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-MHP-HPS-EML-2022.02 [Accessed 7 Apr 2025]."}],"container-title":["BMJ Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjph-2025-004154","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:10:21Z","timestamp":1791889821000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjpublichealth.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjph-2025-004154"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjph-2025-004154"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjph-2025-004154","relation":{},"ISSN":["2753-4294"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2753-4294","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}}}