{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T02:07:03Z","timestamp":1794017223031,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":69,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation (HERF), India","award":["LEC-BHR-P-12-23-1149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LEC-BHR-P-12-23-1149"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009053","name":"Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IA\/CPHI\/21\/1\/505954"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IA\/CPHI\/21\/1\/505954"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["bmjph"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vision impairment (VI), multimorbidity and disabilities are common among older populations. Although the prevalence of VI and its associations are frequently reported, the incidence and risk factors are not well documented in India. The Longitudinal Eye Health, Ageing and Disability Study (LEADS) aims to: (a) determine the prevalence, causes, risk factors and impact of VI; (b) explore the associations between VI and sociodemographic risk factors, systemic health conditions (multimorbidity), physical performance, hearing, depression, social connectedness and cognitive function; and (c) evaluate the impact of eye interventions such as cataract surgery and refractive correction (for distance and near) on these conditions. Additionally, (d) to assess the annual incidence of and risk factors for VI among older people in the community.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals aged \u226560 years are selected from seven districts across three regions in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana in Southern India. A two-stage cluster random sampling method is used to enrol participants. Trained field investigators administered a set of questionnaires, including personal and sociodemographic information, ocular and systemic history, cognition, depression, hearing, falls and fear of falling. The Short Physical Performance Battery is used to assess physical performance. A comprehensive eye examination is conducted in makeshift clinics set up nearby. The examination included unaided and aided visual acuity for distance and near, using minimum logarithm of resolution charts, manual and auto refraction, slit lamp biomicroscopy and anterior and posterior segment imaging using a non-mydriatic fundus camera. The individuals will be examined at baseline (wave I) and then at a follow-up visit planned after 18\u201324 months (wave II).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2025-004598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T11:56:38Z","timestamp":1781006198000},"page":"e004598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Vision loss, disability and multimorbidity among older people in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana in South India: the longitudinal eye health, ageing and disability study (LEADS) \u2013 study protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1716-9809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Srinivas","family":"Marmamula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye care, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"},{"name":"Wellcome Trust\/Department of Biotechnology India Alliance, L V Prasad Eye Institute Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"},{"name":"Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"},{"name":"Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vidya","family":"Paramparambath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye care, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thirupathi Reddy","family":"Kumbham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye care, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinitha","family":"Mingi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye care, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"},{"name":"Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4906-455X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anand Sagar","family":"Avula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye care, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uday Kishore","family":"Pusuluru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye care, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkateswara Rao","family":"Pilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye care, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumya Sri","family":"Ambaragonda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye care, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shravya","family":"Maddela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye care, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiva Kumar","family":"Chakali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye care, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kavitha","family":"Kummari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye care, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1592-0178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anjali","family":"Boravelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye care, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sai Krishna","family":"Sirimalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye care, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swetha","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye care, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charulatha","family":"Sekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye care, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhinaya","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye care, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lakshmi Narasamma","family":"Kambhapu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye care, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua R","family":"Ehrlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David E","family":"Bloom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.1","unstructured":"Affairs UNDoEaS . World Population Prospects 2024. New York: Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA). 2024."},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.2","unstructured":"United Nations Population Fund U . World population dashboard. United Nation, 2024."},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.3","unstructured":"Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation GoI . Elderly in india 2021. In: Social statistics division NSO. New Delhi: Government of India, 2021."},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2020.1797122","article-title":"Population-based Assessment of Vision Impairment in the Elderly Population in Telangana State in India \u2013 Policy Implications for Eye Health Programmes","volume":"28","author":"Marmamula","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-041755","article-title":"Prevalence of disabilities and non-communicable diseases in an elderly population in the Telangana state, India: a population-based cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Marmamula","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e130","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30425-3","article-title":"Trends in prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment over 30 years: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"9","author":"Bourne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2020.1797122","article-title":"Population-based Assessment of Vision Impairment in the Elderly Population in Telangana State in India - Policy Implications for Eye Health Programmes","volume":"28","author":"Marmamula","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6701610","article-title":"Visual impairment in elderly patients with hip fracture: causes and associations","volume":"19","author":"Cox","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1989.tb05678.x","article-title":"Impaired Vision and Hip Fracture","volume":"37","author":"Felson","year":"1989","journal-title":"J American Geriatrics Society"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.7.633"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70066-2","article-title":"Falls and visual impairment among elderly residents in \u201chomes for the aged\u201d in India","volume":"10","author":"Marmamula","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2004.00197.x"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01673-2"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2010.00539.x"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3129\/i08-167","article-title":"Correctable visual impairment and its impact on quality of life in a marginalized Canadian neighbourhood","volume":"44","author":"Hollands","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1221","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30393-5","article-title":"Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990\u20132020: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Flaxman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7388"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.18","first-page":"54","article-title":"Quality of life (QOL) and its associated factors using WHOQOL-BREF among elderly in urban Puducherry, India","volume":"8","author":"Ganesh Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-012-0195-6","article-title":"A new look at the WHOQOL as health-related quality of life instrument among visually impaired people using Rasch analysis","volume":"22","author":"Gothwal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.09.035","article-title":"Incidence, Incident Causes, and Risk Factors of Visual Impairment and Blindness in a Rural Population in India: 15-Year Follow-up of the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study","volume":"223","author":"Khanna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.21","first-page":"251","article-title":"Design of a population-based study of visual impairment in India: The Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study","volume":"45","author":"Dandona","year":"1997","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00565-7"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2012.02447.x","article-title":"Visual impairment and blindness in rural central India: the Central India Eye and Medical Study","volume":"91","author":"Nangia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-315678"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2019.1683867","article-title":"Hyderabad Ocular Morbidity in Elderly Study (HOMES) - Rationale, Study Design and Methodology","volume":"27","author":"Marmamula","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-01243-w","article-title":"Near vision impairment among the elderly in residential care\u2014the Hyderabad Ocular Morbidity in Elderly Study (HOMES)","volume":"35","author":"Marmamula","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.27","unstructured":"Division UNP . World population prospects: the 2012 revision. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs,"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094140","article-title":"The long term impact of cataract surgery on quality of life, activities and poverty: results from a six year longitudinal study in Bangladesh and the Philippines","volume":"9","author":"Danquah","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044268","article-title":"The impact of successful cataract surgery on quality of life, household income and social status in South India","volume":"7","author":"Finger","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.05.014"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.118547"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.80.10.868"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2007.01046.x"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.00499.x"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2006.00770.x"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.36","first-page":"743","article-title":"A longitudinal cohort study of the impact of first- and both-eye cataract surgery on falls and other injuries in Vietnam","volume":"9","author":"To","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-3154"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-022-02229-6","article-title":"Impact of an intervention for avoidable vision loss on visual function in the elderly\u2013The Hyderabad Ocular Morbidity in Elderly Study (HOMES)","volume":"37","author":"Marmamula","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.125.11.1471"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1019","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30329-2","article-title":"Effect of providing near glasses on productivity among rural Indian tea workers with presbyopia (PROSPER): a randomised trial","volume":"6","author":"Reddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp384"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.42","first-page":"518","article-title":"Proof of age required--estimating age in adults without birth records","volume":"39","author":"Phillips","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust Fam Physician"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-15-00384"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.930100505"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.06.019","article-title":"Rasch validation of the PHQ-9 in people with visual impairment in South India","volume":"167","author":"Gothwal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318194eb47"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-198205000-00006"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7421.967"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.51","article-title":"The whispered voice as a screening test for hearing impairment","volume":"35","author":"Swan","year":"1985","journal-title":"J R Coll Gen Pract"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/49.2.M85"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.11.012"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0243"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afm157"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2013.01.019"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.6.M366"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.58","first-page":"466","article-title":"The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) review of the literature--What does it tell us?","volume":"10","author":"Guigoz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000004"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-011-9903-x"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000376585"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa4901_13"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/9.3_Part_1.179"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/10.1_Part_1.20"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S108974","article-title":"The social network index and its relation to later-life depression among the elderly aged \u226580 years in Northern Thailand","volume":"11","author":"Aung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2011-200336"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200105000-00019"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2012.759596"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100720200056"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2012.05.001"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2009.06.006"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-025-03902-2","article-title":"Advancing AMD screening with an offline, AI-powered smartphone-based fundus camera: A prospective, real-world clinical validation","volume":"39","author":"Negiloni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0324883","article-title":"Evaluating real-world performance of an automated offline glaucoma AI on a smartphone fundus camera across glaucoma severity stages","volume":"20","author":"Senthil","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.118.5.615"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.05.033","article-title":"TFOS DEWS III: Diagnostic Methodology","volume":"279","author":"Wolffsohn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200012150-00014","article-title":"Guidelines for the Process of Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Report Measures","volume":"25","author":"Beaton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1986)"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12345","article-title":"Accuracy of vision technicians in screening ocular pathology at rural vision centres of southern India","volume":"99","author":"Suram","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.152165"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e888","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30293-0","article-title":"Magnitude, temporal trends, and projections of the global prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Bourne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.81","unstructured":"StataCorp . Stata statistical software: release 14. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP,"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S275831","article-title":"Three Statistical Approaches for Assessment of Intervention Effects: A Primer for Practitioners","volume":"Volume 14","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"RMHP"},{"key":"2026060904552570000_4.2.e004598.83","unstructured":"Arokiasamy P , Bloom DE , Feeney KC , et al . Longitudinal Aging Study in India: Vision, Design, Implementation, and Some Early Results. PGDA Working Paper #812011. 2011."}],"container-title":["BMJ Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjph-2025-004598","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T11:56:47Z","timestamp":1781006207000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjpublichealth.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjph-2025-004598"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjph-2025-004598"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjph-2025-004598","relation":{},"ISSN":["2753-4294"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2753-4294","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}}}