{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T12:51:26Z","timestamp":1785761486453,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":33,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["bmjph"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>People living with HIV (PLWH) face an increased risk of developing comorbidities involving HIV and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) caused by a mix of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. This study aimed to quantify the burden of NCD-HIV comorbidities and examine their determinants among HIV-positive adults aged \u226515 years using data from the 2022\u20132023 Tanzania HIV Impact Survey (THIS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 2022\u20132023 THIS enrolled 33\u2009663 individuals who underwent HIV testing, of whom 1850 tested positive. Key variables, including socioeconomic, demographic and behavioural risk factors and clinical characteristics, were extracted from the main survey database. These variables were modelled as potential determinants of HIV\u2013NCD comorbidities. HIV\u2013NCD comorbidity was defined as being HIV-positive and having at least one non-communicable disease. \u03c7\u00b2 tests and logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the determinants of HIV\u2013NCD comorbidity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among the 1850 PLWH included in the analysis, 70.2% were female, 63.0% resided in rural areas and 70.0% had attained primary education. Hypertension was the most prevalent chronic condition (3.3%), followed by lung disease (1.1%), cancer\/tumour (1.0%) and heart disease (1.0%), respectively. The overall prevalence of HIV\u2013NCD comorbidity was 6.7% (95% CI 5.4% to 8.3%). Female participants had significantly higher odds of HIV\u2013NCD comorbidity (adjusted OR (aOR)=1.9; 95%\u2009CI 1.2 to 3.1; p=0.010). Age was also strongly linked to comorbidity, with individuals aged 45\u201354 years (aOR=9.4; 95%\u2009CI 2.7 to 33.4; p=0.001) and those aged \u226555 years (aOR=16.1; 95%\u2009CI 4.4 to 58.3; p&lt;0.001) showing higher odds than those aged 15\u201324 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIV\u2013NCD comorbidities are common among PLWH. Female sex and older age significantly increase the risk, emphasising the importance of tailored interventions for prevention, early detection and integrated care strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2025-004722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T12:15:14Z","timestamp":1785759314000},"page":"e004722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Burden and determinants of self-reported non-communicable disease comorbidities among HIV positive adults in Tanzania: insights from the Tanzania HIV Impact Survey 2022\u20132023"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5596-5010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles Basil","family":"Kafaiya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Headquarters, National Institute for Medical Research, Dodoma, United Republic of Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hillary R","family":"Sebukoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanga Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga, United Republic of Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelina M","family":"Lutambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dodoma Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Dodoma, United Republic of Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gibson B","family":"Kagaruki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research Muhimbili Research Centre, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7810-7367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johnson Jeremia","family":"Mshiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research, National Institute for Medical Research Muhimbili Research Centre, Dar Es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M","family":"Hayuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanga Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga, United Republic of Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald P","family":"Mwing\u2019a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dodoma Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Dodoma, United Republic of Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene R","family":"Mremi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headquarters, National Institute for Medical Research, Dodoma, United Republic of Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan M","family":"Mshana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headquarters, National Institute for Medical Research, Dodoma, United Republic of Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prince","family":"Mutalemwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headquarters, National Institute for Medical Research, Dodoma, United Republic of Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sia E","family":"Malekia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es salaam, United Republic of Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunda J","family":"Stephen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research Muhimbili Research Centre, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary T","family":"Mayige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headquarters, National Institute for Medical Research, Dodoma, United Republic of Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080305150718000_4.3.e004722.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . 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Health Sector Strategic Plan July 2021\u2013June 2026 (HSSP V): leaving no one behind. Dodoma, 2021."},{"key":"2026080305150718000_4.3.e004722.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3956-9","article-title":"The association between a detectable HIV viral load and non-communicable diseases comorbidity in HIV positive adults on antiretroviral therapy in Western Cape, South Africa","volume":"19","author":"George","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["BMJ Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjph-2025-004722","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T12:15:18Z","timestamp":1785759318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjpublichealth.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjph-2025-004722"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjph-2025-004722"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjph-2025-004722","relation":{},"ISSN":["2753-4294"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2753-4294","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}}}