{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T02:59:19Z","timestamp":1793501959118,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["bmjph"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Even though COVID-19 has spread globally, with millions of deaths, vaccination remains low in resource-constrained settings. Uptake of COVID-19 vaccine has remained suboptimal despite its potential for protection against the disease. The objective of this study was to assess the factors associated with higher COVID-19 vaccination uptake among Nigerian women of reproductive age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A sample of 36\u2009555\u2009women aged 15\u201349 years was extracted from the 2024 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey data. The outcome variable was COVID-19 vaccination. Percentage and \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      tests were used in univariate and bivariate analyses. In addition, self-reported COVID-19 vaccination uptake was examined using multilevel ordinal logistic regression analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Approximately 73.9% of Nigerian women received no dose of COVID-19 vaccination. Those who received one dose were 13.4%, two doses were 10.5% and &gt;2 doses were 2.1%, respectively. The full model (model V) was selected based on model fitness selection criteria. Older women, educated, Muslims, those covered by health insurance, formerly married, employed, exposed to media, from higher household wealth, have community-level willingness for COVID-19 vaccine uptake, native of the community and living in North East\/North Central\/South East\/South South\/South West had higher odds of being in a higher COVID-19 vaccination category when compared with women aged 15\u201319 years, with no formal education, Christians, uninsured, single, unemployed, not exposed to media, from poorest household, no community-level willingness for COVID-19 uptake, not a native of the community and from North West, respectively. On the other hand, women having a household size &gt;6 were less likely to be in a higher COVID-19 vaccination category when compared with those having a household size of 1\u20132 members.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>COVID-19 vaccination was approximately one-quarter. This finding is grossly suboptimal for herd immunity. Demographic, socioeconomic and environmental factors were associated with higher COVID-19 vaccination uptake among Nigerian women of reproductive age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2025-004858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T13:20:18Z","timestamp":1785158418000},"page":"e004858","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Coverage and determinants of COVID-19 vaccination among 36 555 Nigerian women of childbearing age: a mixed-effects analysis of nationally representative data"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2372-3020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Ekholuenetale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chimezie Igwegbe","family":"Nzoputam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Center of Excellence in Reproductive Health Innovation, College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor A","family":"Ochagu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Regional Coordination Centre, Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6006-9355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amadou","family":"Barrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public & Environmental Health, School of Medicine & Allied Health Sciences, University of the Gambia, Kanifing, Gambia"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida College of Public Health & Health Professions, Gainesville, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026072706200845000_4.3.e004858.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-020-00240-0","article-title":"The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak \u2013 an update on the status","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Military Med Res"},{"key":"2026072706200845000_4.3.e004858.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2021.102099","article-title":"COVID-19 and food security: Panel data evidence from Nigeria","volume":"101","author":"Amare","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"2026072706200845000_4.3.e004858.3","unstructured":"WHO . 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