{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T15:08:48Z","timestamp":1792595328300,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000133","name":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R03-HS025538-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R03-HS025538-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000133","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Qual Saf"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sterile processing departments (SPDs) play a crucial role in surgical safety and efficiency. SPDs clean instruments to remove contaminants (decontamination), inspect and reorganise instruments into their correct trays (assembly), then sterilise and store instruments for future use (sterilisation and storage). However, broken, missing or inappropriately cleaned instruments are a frequent problem for surgical teams. These issues should be identified and corrected during the assembly phase.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A work systems analysis, framed within the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) model, was used to develop a comprehensive understanding of the assembly stage of reprocessing, identify the range of work challenges and uncover the inter-relationship among system components influencing reliable instrument reprocessing.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study was conducted at a 700-bed academic hospital in the Southeastern United States with two reprocessing facilities from October 2017 to October 2018. Fifty-six\u2009hours of direct observations, 36 interviews were used to iteratively develop the work systems analysis. This included the process map and task analysis developed to describe the assembly system, the abstraction hierarchy developed to identify the possible performance shaping factors (based on SEIPS) and a variance matrix developed to illustrate the relationship among the tasks, performance shaping factors, failures and outcomes. Operating room (OR) reported tray defect data from July 2016 to December 2017 were analysed to identify the percentage and types of defects across reprocessing phases the most common assembly defects.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The majority of the 3900 tray defects occurred during the assembly phase; impacting 5% of surgical cases (n=41\u2009799). Missing instruments, which could result in OR delays and increased surgical duration, were the most commonly reported assembly defect (17.6%, n=700). High variability was observed in the reassembling of trays with failures including adding incorrect instruments, omitting instruments and failing to remove damaged instrument. These failures were precipitated by technological shortcomings, production pressures, tray composition, unstandardised instrument nomenclature and inadequate SPD staff training.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Supporting patient safety, minimising tray defects and OR delays and improving overall reliability of instrument reprocessing require a well-designed instrument tracking system, standardised nomenclature, effective coordination of reprocessing tasks between SPD and the OR and well-trained sterile processing technicians.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2019-010740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T17:22:54Z","timestamp":1603128174000},"page":"271-282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Work systems analysis of sterile processing: assembly"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0045-0426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myrtede","family":"Alfred","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4073-3025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ken","family":"Catchpole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Huffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry","family":"Fredendall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin M","family":"Taaffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090412001924000_30.4.271.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.12.029","article-title":"Reprocessing semicritical items: current issues and new technologies","volume":"44","author":"Rutala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"2025090412001924000_30.4.271.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2014.06.019"},{"key":"2025090412001924000_30.4.271.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2012.04.023"},{"key":"2025090412001924000_30.4.271.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2012.09.030","article-title":"High-Level disinfection, sterilization, and antisepsis: current issues in reprocessing medical and surgical instruments","volume":"41","author":"Seavey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"2025090412001924000_30.4.271.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.10.039"},{"key":"2025090412001924000_30.4.271.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2010.02.003"},{"key":"2025090412001924000_30.4.271.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aorn.2008.01.021","article-title":"Shifting the sterile processing department paradigm: a mandate for change","volume":"88","author":"Swanson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aorn J"},{"key":"2025090412001924000_30.4.271.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200510000-00025"},{"key":"2025090412001924000_30.4.271.9","first-page":"20","article-title":"What do you mean you can\u2019t sterilize it? 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