{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T07:36:36Z","timestamp":1779003396484,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open Resp Res"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Respiratory tract infections are one of the most common human infections in all age group and important cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Most bacterial upper respiratory tract infections are vaccine preventable. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of carrier state of bacterial upper respiratory tract pathogens among school children. It also aimed to study their antibiograms.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The specimen from posterior pharyngeal wall and tonsils were collected from 204 participants on calcium alginate coated swabs (HiMedia). Isolates were identified by standard microbiological methods and tested for in vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing by modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this study, <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (16.6%) was the most common bacterial pathogen recovered, followed by <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (14.7%), \u03b2-haemolytic streptococci (non-Group A) (8.8%), <jats:italic>Streptococcus pyogenes<\/jats:italic> (5.3%) and <jats:italic>Corynebacterium diphtheriae<\/jats:italic> (3.4%). The Gram negative bacteria were <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (4.9%), <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic> (3.4%) and <jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/jats:italic> (1.4%). Important findings in antibiogram include high resistance of <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> to penicillin (91.17%) and resistance of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> to oxacillin (23.3%).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pharyngeal colonisation by <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> was found high among school children and this calls for an urgent need to include pneumococcal vaccine in routine national immunisation schedule of Nepal given the high burden of invasive pneumococcal disease. Despite expected universal vaccination, pharyngeal colonisation by <jats:italic>C. diphtheriae<\/jats:italic> is possible and there is possibility of transmission of these respiratory pathogens to other healthy children.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2017-000203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,13]],"date-time":"2017-10-13T20:25:21Z","timestamp":1507926321000},"page":"e000203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Burden of bacterial upper respiratory tract pathogens in school children of Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Sangita","family":"Thapa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shishir","family":"Gokhale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annavarapu Laxminarasimha","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lokendra Bahadur","family":"Sapkota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Chitwan Medical College, Chitwan, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shamshul","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajendra","family":"Gautam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sony","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Puja","family":"Neopane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025083112404834000_4.1.e000203.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(14)60312-1","article-title":"Carrier state of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Neisseria meningitidis and Corynebacterium diphtheriae among school children in Pokhara, Nepal","volume":"4","author":"Bhatta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Dis"},{"key":"2025083112404834000_4.1.e000203.2","first-page":"109","article-title":"Considering respiratory tract infections and antimicrobial sensitivity: an exploratory analysis","volume":"5","author":"Amin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Malaysian J Microbiol"},{"key":"2025083112404834000_4.1.e000203.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.08.036"},{"key":"2025083112404834000_4.1.e000203.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.12.6511-6518.2000"},{"key":"2025083112404834000_4.1.e000203.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70295-4"},{"key":"2025083112404834000_4.1.e000203.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61204-6"},{"key":"2025083112404834000_4.1.e000203.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02200-10"},{"key":"2025083112404834000_4.1.e000203.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61203-4"},{"key":"2025083112404834000_4.1.e000203.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/516477"},{"key":"2025083112404834000_4.1.e000203.10","first-page":"686","article-title":"Risk factors for carriage of respiratory pathogens in the nasopharynx of healthy children. 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