{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T12:40:33Z","timestamp":1775565633719,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open Resp Res"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In low-resource countries, respiratory failure is associated with a high mortality risk among critically ill children. We evaluated the role of bubble continuous positive airway pressure (bCPAP) in the routine care of critically ill children in Lilongwe, Malawi.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted an observational study between 26 February and 15 April 2014, in an urban paediatric unit with approximately 20\u2009000 admissions\/year (in-hospital mortality &lt;5% approximately during this time period). Modified oxygen concentrators or oxygen cylinders provided humidified bCPAP air\/oxygen flow. Children up to the age of 59 months with signs of severe respiratory dysfunction were recruited. Survival was defined as survival during the bCPAP-treatment and during a period of 48 hours following the end of the bCPAP-weaning process.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>117 children with signs of respiratory failure were included in this study and treated with bCPAP. Median age: 7 months. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests were positive in 25 (21%) cases, 15 (13%) had severe anaemia (Hb &lt; 7.0 g\/dL); 55 (47%) children had multiorgan failure (MOF); 22 (19%) children were HIV-infected\/exposed. 28 (24%) were severely malnourished. Overall survival was 79\/117 (68%); survival was 54\/62 (87%) in children with very severe pneumonia (VSPNA) but without MOF. Among the 19 children with VSPNA (single-organ failure (SOF)) and negative HIV tests, all children survived. Survival rates were lower in children with MOF (including shock) (45%) as well as in children with severe malnutrition (36%) and proven HIV infection or exposure (45%).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Despite the limitations of this study, the good outcome of children with signs of severe respiratory dysfunction (SOF) suggests that it is feasible to use bCPAP in the hospital management of critically ill children in resource-limited settings. The role of bCPAP and other forms of non-invasive ventilatory support as a part of an improved care package for critically ill children with MOF at tertiary and district hospital level in low-resource countries needs further evaluation. Critically ill children with nutritional deficiencies and\/or HIV infection\/exposure need further study to determine bCPAP efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2018-000280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,9]],"date-time":"2019-03-09T05:15:44Z","timestamp":1552108544000},"page":"e000280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Use of bubble continuous positive airway pressure (bCPAP) in the management of critically ill children in a Malawian paediatric unit: an observational study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Myers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"South Wales Deanery, Wales, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Precious","family":"Dinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margot","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Peace Corps, Washington, DC, USA"},{"name":"Malawian College of Medicine, Lilongwe, Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Mlotha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ajib","family":"Phiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawian College of Medicine, Lilongwe, Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Colbourn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London Institute for Global Health, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric Douglass","family":"McCollum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Mwansambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Kazembe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine, Children Clinical Centre of Excellence, Lilongwe, Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6452-5381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans-Joerg","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawian College of Medicine, Lilongwe, Malawi"},{"name":"Centre for International Migration and Development (CIM)\/German International Cooperation (GIZ), Eschborn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025083110235600000_6.1.e000280.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61698-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2000\u201313, with projections to inform post-2015 priorities: an updated systematic analysis","volume":"385","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2025083110235600000_6.1.e000280.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00215-6","article-title":"Mortality and its risk factors in Malawian children admitted to hospital with clinical pneumonia, 2001-12: a retrospective observational study","volume":"4","author":"Lazzerini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2025083110235600000_6.1.e000280.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.3241","article-title":"Sepsis and the global burden of disease in children","volume":"170","author":"Kissoon","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2025083110235600000_6.1.e000280.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-400"},{"key":"2025083110235600000_6.1.e000280.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-12-31"},{"key":"2025083110235600000_6.1.e000280.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S51","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000433","article-title":"Ventilatory support in children with pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Rimensberger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2025083110235600000_6.1.e000280.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barry P , Morris K , Tariq A . 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