{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T05:12:32Z","timestamp":1781241152812,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research (C) # 17K1080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research (C) # 17K1080"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Tokai University School of Medicine","award":["2016 Tokai University School of Medicine grant-in-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016 Tokai University School of Medicine grant-in-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open Resp Res"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Percutaneous cryoablation has been adopted for small, malignant peripheral pulmonary lesions and has yielded favourable results as a less invasive local treatment. A transbronchial approach may reduce the risks of complications, such as pneumothorax and pleural haemorrhage. A fundamental animal experiment on transbronchial cryoablation was performed to examine its immediate safety and effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Experimental cryoablation was performed on swine lungs using a rigid cryoprobe, 2.4 mm in diameter. The probe was introduced from the right main bronchus into the distal bronchus via thoracotomy, perforated the end of the conducting bronchus and reached the lung parenchyma. The temperature of the cryoprobe tip reaches approximately \u2212130\u00b0C during freezing and approximately 20\u00b0C during thawing. After three freeze-thaw cycles, the cryoprobe was removed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>No significant haemorrhage was bronchoscopically observed in the airways throughout the experiment. The chronological changes and spatial distribution of the temperature of the pulmonary tissue circumferential to the point of the cryoprobe were similar to those seen with transpleural cryoablation and the less than \u221220\u00b0C thermal zone seemed to be established within a radius of at least 12 mm. The central destruction zone of alveolar structures was histologically similar to the thermal zone, while the conducting bronchus structure and the accompanying pulmonary artery were not severely affected.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Experimental transbronchial cryoablation with a rigid cryoprobe could effectively freeze and destroy peripheral lung alveoli without any significant immediate adverse effects. This may suggest the potential clinical application of transbronchial cryoablation for peripheral malignant lung lesions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2018-000315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,15]],"date-time":"2018-12-15T12:15:46Z","timestamp":1544876146000},"page":"e000315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Initial experience with transbronchial cryoablation as a novel local treatment for malignant peripheral lung lesions"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Mitsutomo","family":"Kohno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kana","family":"Oiwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Yashiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seishi","family":"Nakatsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masafumi","family":"Kawamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayuki","family":"Iwazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025083109585554000_5.1.e000315.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2005.12.051"},{"key":"2025083109585554000_5.1.e000315.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27086","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027086","article-title":"Percutaneous cryoablation of pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer","volume":"6","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS 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source","volume":"61","author":"Nakatsuka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"2025083109585554000_5.1.e000315.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2012.03.029"},{"key":"2025083109585554000_5.1.e000315.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1342958","article-title":"Lung cancer ablation: complications","volume":"30","author":"Hiraki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Intervent Radiol"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open Respiratory 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