{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:47:38Z","timestamp":1787755658472,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]],"date-time":"2020-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582070400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open Resp Res"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in infancy may have a long-term impact on the developing respiratory system. We planned a prospective cohort study to determine the impact of ARI during infancy on the pulmonary function test indices at 3\u2009years of age.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A cohort of normal, full-term newborns were followed up 6 monthly and during ARI episodes. Infant pulmonary function tests (IPFTs) were performed at baseline and each follow-up visit using tidal breathing flow-volume loop, rapid thoracoabdominal compression (RTC) and raised volume RTC manoeuvres. During each ARI episode, nasopharyngeal aspirates were tested for respiratory pathogens by real-time PCR.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We screened 3421 neonates; 310 were enrolled; IPFT was performed in 225 (boys: 125 (55.6%)) at 3\u2009years. During infancy, 470 ARI episodes were documented in 173 infants. At 3\u2009years, children with history of any ARI episode during infancy had lower forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV<jats:sub>1.0<\/jats:sub>), forced expiratory volume in 0.75\u2009s (FEV<jats:sub>0.75<\/jats:sub>), forced expiratory volume in 0.5\u2009s (FEV<jats:sub>0.5<\/jats:sub>), forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of FVC (FEF<jats:sub>25\u201375<\/jats:sub>), and maximal expiratory flow at 25% of FVC (MEF<jats:sub>25<\/jats:sub>) as compared with those without any ARI episode during infancy. The ratio of tidal expiratory flow (TEF) at 25% or 50% of tidal expiratory volume to peak TEF (TEF<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> or TEF<jats:sub>25<\/jats:sub>\/peak TEF) at 3 years was significantly increased in children who had ARI in infancy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>ARI during infancy is associated with impaired pulmonary function indices such as increased resistance and decreased forced expiratory flow and volume at 3\u2009years of age.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2019-000436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]],"date-time":"2020-02-20T04:05:13Z","timestamp":1582171513000},"page":"e000436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effect of acute respiratory infections in infancy on pulmonary function test at 3 years of age: a prospective birth cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Prawin","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aparna","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivani","family":"Randev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guruprasad R","family":"Medigeshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3642-246X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kana Ram","family":"Jat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arti","family":"Kapil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakesh","family":"Lodha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2616-9157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sushil Kumar","family":"Kabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025083112331863000_7.1.e000436.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2006.070169"},{"key":"2025083112331863000_7.1.e000436.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.112136"},{"key":"2025083112331863000_7.1.e000436.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201509-1801ED","article-title":"From the cradle to the grave: the early-life origins of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"193","author":"Sly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2025083112331863000_7.1.e000436.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3038.13.s.15.8.x"},{"key":"2025083112331863000_7.1.e000436.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61379-8","article-title":"Poor airway function in early infancy and lung function by age 22 years: a non-selective longitudinal cohort study","volume":"370","author":"Stern","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2025083112331863000_7.1.e000436.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(13)70118-8","article-title":"Early lung development: lifelong effect on respiratory health and disease","volume":"1","author":"Stocks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2025083112331863000_7.1.e000436.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calogero C , Sly PD . 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