{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]],"date-time":"2025-08-31T17:10:15Z","timestamp":1756660215657,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687824000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ObiMedical Limited, Denmark","award":["\u00a330,000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00a330,000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open Resp Res"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Accurate arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis is essential in the management of patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure, but repeated sampling requires technical expertise and is painful. Missed sampling is common and has a negative impact on patient care. A newer venous to arterial conversion method (v-TAC, Roche) uses mathematical models of acid\u2013base chemistry, a venous blood gas sample and peripheral blood oxygen saturation to calculate arterial acid\u2013base status. It has the potential to replace routine ABG sampling for selected patient cohorts. The aim of this study was to compare v-TAC with ABG, capillary and venous sampling in a patient cohort referred to start non-invasive ventilation (NIV).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Recruited patients underwent near simultaneous ABG, capillary blood gas (CBG) and venous blood gas (VBG) sampling at day 0, and up to two further occasions (day 1 NIV and discharge). The primary outcome was the reliability of v-TAC sampling compared with ABG, via Bland-Altman analysis, to identify respiratory failure (via PaCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) and to detect changes in PaCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> in response to NIV. Secondary outcomes included agreements with pH, sampling success rates and pain.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The agreement between ABG and v-TAC\/venous PaCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was assessed for 119 matched sampling episodes and 105 between ABG and CBG. Close agreement was shown for v-TAC (mean difference (SD) 0.01 (0.5) kPa), but not for CBG (\u22120.75 (0.69) kPa) or VBG (+1.00 (0.90) kPa). Longitudinal data for 32 patients started on NIV showed the closest agreement for ABG and v-TAC (R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>=0.61). v-TAC sampling had the highest first-time success rate (88%) and was less painful than arterial (p&lt;0.0001).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mathematical arterialisation of venous samples was easier to obtain and less painful than ABG sampling. Results showed close agreement for PaCO2 and pH and tracked well longitudinally such that the v-TAC method could replace routine ABG testing to recognise and monitor patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                     <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT04072848\">NCT04072848<\/jats:ext-link>; <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"www.clinicaltrials.gov\">www.clinicaltrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                  <\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2022-001537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T12:11:06Z","timestamp":1687867866000},"page":"e001537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparison of mathematically arterialised venous blood gas sampling with arterial, capillary, and venous sampling in adult patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure: a single-centre longitudinal cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"10","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04072848","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9381-0533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael Gordon","family":"Davies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Support and Sleep Centre, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dariusz Rafal","family":"Wozniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Support and Sleep Centre, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy George","family":"Quinnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Support and Sleep Centre, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Earl","family":"Palas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Support and Sleep Centre, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Support and Sleep Centre, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingchang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Support and Sleep Centre, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruwanthi","family":"Jayasekara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Support and Sleep Centre, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Stoneman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Support and Sleep Centre, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian Edward","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Support and Sleep Centre, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lars Pilegaard","family":"Thomsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory and Critical Care group, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen Edward","family":"Rees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory and Critical Care group, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025083109515837000_10.1.e001537.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii1","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2015-208209","article-title":"BTS\/ICS guideline for the ventilatory management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure in adults","volume":"71 Suppl 2","author":"Davidson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2025083109515837000_10.1.e001537.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6971.24"},{"key":"2025083109515837000_10.1.e001537.3","first-page":"vi1","article-title":"British Thoracic society. 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