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Many diseases associated with breathlessness cause disability but the relationship between disability and the severity of breathlessness itself is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study evaluated associations between disability using the WHO\u2019s Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) 2.0 and levels of long-term\n                      <jats:italic>breathlessness limiting exertion<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This population-based, cross-sectional online survey (n=10\u2009033) reflected the most recent national census (2016) by age, sex, state\/territory of residence and rurality. Assessments included self-reported disability (WHODAS 2.0 12-item (range 12 (no disability) to 60 (most severe disability)) assessed in 6 domains) and long-term\n                      <jats:italic>breathlessness limiting exertion<\/jats:italic>\n                      (modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) breathlessness scale; 0\u20134 (4\u2014most severe)). Days in the last month affected by breathlessness were reported.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of respondents (52% women; mean age 45), mean total disability score was 20.9 (SD 9.5). 42% (n=4245) had mMRC &gt;0 (mMRC1 31% (n=3139); mMRC2 8% (n=806); mMRC3,4 3% (n=300)). Every level of long-term\n                      <jats:italic>breathlessness limiting exertion<\/jats:italic>\n                      was associated with greater levels of disability (total p &lt;0.001; each domain p &lt;0.001). The most compromised domains were\n                      <jats:italic>Mobility<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Participation<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>In the last 30 days, people with severe breathlessness (mMRC 3\u20134): experienced disability (20 days); reduced activities\/work (10 days); and completely forwent activities (another 5\u2009days).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Disability should be in the definition of persistent breathlessness as it is systematically associated with long-term\n                      <jats:italic>breathlessness limiting exertion<\/jats:italic>\n                      in a grade-dependent, multidimensional manner. Disability should be assessed in people with long-term breathlessness to optimise their social well-being and health.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2023-002029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T13:06:28Z","timestamp":1721653588000},"page":"e002029","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Disability and long-term breathlessness: a cross-sectional, population study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3531-0389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Slavica","family":"Kochovska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sungwon","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Brunelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deidre","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Similowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"service de pneumologie d\u00e9partement R3S, Hopital Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, \u00cele-de-France, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hull York Medical School, The University of Hull, Hull, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7227-5113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magnus","family":"Ekstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1988-1250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Currow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025083109370600000_11.1.e002029.1","unstructured":"Ustun TB , Kostanjesek N , Chatterji S , et al . 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