{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T13:40:34Z","timestamp":1781098834172,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722211200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022M3A9G8017220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M3A9G8017220"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open Resp Res"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Low socioeconomic status is a risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); however, the association between low household income and COPD in young populations remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We screened individuals aged 20\u201339 years who underwent the national health examination between 2009 and 2012 using the Korean National Health Information Database, which was searched until December 2019. We identified 5\u2009965\u2009366 eligible individuals, and 13\u2009296 had newly developed COPD based on health insurance claims. We evaluated household income levels based on the health insurance premiums, categorised them into quartiles and \u2018Medical aid\u2019 (the lowest 3% income group), and assessed the annual income status from the preceding 4 years. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the adjusted HR (aHR) of risk factors for COPD.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the Medical aid group, the incidence rate for developing COPD was 0.56\/1000 person-years, with an aHR of 2.45 (95% CI 1.91 to 3.13) compared with that of the highest income quartile group. This association was prominent in consecutive recipients of Medical aid (aHR 2.37, 95%\u2009CI 1.80 to 3.11) compared with those who had never been Medical aid beneficiaries. Those who experienced a decline in household income between the previous (preceding 4 years) and baseline time points had an increased risk of developing COPD, regardless of previous income status.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Low household income was associated with an increased risk of developing COPD in the young population. This risk was augmented by sustained low income and declining income status.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2024-002444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T14:23:18Z","timestamp":1722262998000},"page":"e002444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Low household income increases risks for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in young population: a nationwide retrospective cohort study in South Korea"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Chiwook","family":"Chung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)"},{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, GangNeung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea (the Republic of)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyu Na","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8128-8920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong Wook","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research Design & Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4814-6730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sei Won","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyungdo","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025083109480336000_11.1.e002444.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00239-2023","article-title":"Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease 2023 report: GOLD executive summary","volume":"61","author":"Agust\u00ed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2025083109480336000_11.1.e002444.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201701-0218PP"},{"key":"2025083109480336000_11.1.e002444.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00511-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence of, and risk factors for, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in 2019: a systematic review and modelling analysis","volume":"10","author":"Adeloye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2025083109480336000_11.1.e002444.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S111145","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and COPD among low- and middle-income countries","volume":"11","author":"Grigsby","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"2025083109480336000_11.1.e002444.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lowe KE , Make BJ , Crapo JD , et al . 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