{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T13:35:11Z","timestamp":1767792911037,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757548800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open Resp Res"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our aim was to evaluate virtual reality\u2019s effects in dyspnoea\u2019s management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Information sources: Trials were identified through a systematic search carried out on MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus and CINAHL until 17 March 2025. Eligibility criteria: Eligible studies were controlled trials including adults with dyspnoea associated with respiratory diseases, for whom virtual reality was implemented and compared with another intervention. Risk of bias: Risk of bias (ROB) was assessed using the ROB 2 tool. Synthesis of results: The primary outcome was dyspnoea. Secondary outcomes included exercise capacity, health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and muscle function. Effect size was expressed using standardised mean difference (SMD) or MD for primary and secondary outcomes, respectively (random-effects model). We used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach to judge the certainty of evidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Included studies: 13 studies were selected, including 483 adults and using non-immersive tools (n=7) or immersive tools (n=6). Risk of bias in these studies was low (n=1), some concerns (n=8) and high risk (n=4). Synthesis of results: No difference was found in dyspnoea (8 studies, 224 participants; SMD 0.02, 95%\u2009CI \u22120.82 to 0.86, I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =88.2%), exercise capacity (5 studies, 183 participants; MD 3.62, 95%\u2009CI \u221219.39 to 26.63, I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =39.8%) and in HRQOL (4 studies, 127 participants; MD \u221211.81, 95%\u2009CI \u221242.95 to 19.33, I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =98.9%). The data available were insufficient to conduct a pooled analysis for muscle function.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Limitations of evidence: The evidence is very uncertain about virtual reality\u2019s effects on dyspnoea due to risk of bias, imprecision and heterogeneity. Interpretation: Further studies are needed and should explore various aspects of the application of immersive virtual reality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD42023443280.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2024-002722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T06:35:14Z","timestamp":1757572514000},"page":"e002722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Virtual reality in adults with respiratory diseases experiencing dyspnoea: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct05244135","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1542-9155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan","family":"Wormser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care, Paris Saint-Joseph Hospital, Paris, France"},{"name":"Respiratory Rehabilitation, Paris Saint-Joseph Hospital, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0385-6467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe","family":"Romanet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care, Paris Saint-Joseph Hospital, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marine","family":"Cachanado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, Paris Saint-Joseph Hospital, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma\u00eblle","family":"Youinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, Paris Saint-Joseph Hospital, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Chatellier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, Paris Saint-Joseph Hospital, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5459-230X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Torres S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Philippart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care, Paris Saint-Joseph Hospital, Paris, France"},{"name":"Microbiology, Institute for Integrative Cell Biology, Gif-sur-Yvette, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010701505884000_12.1.e002722.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201111-2042ST"},{"key":"2026010701505884000_12.1.e002722.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2019.04.002","article-title":"Strategies to relieve dyspnoea in patients with advanced chronic respiratory diseases. 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