{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:28:07Z","timestamp":1792787287102,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This research was supported by ERS Clinical Research Collaboration programme"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open Resp Res"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pleural infection is a common problem associated with a high mortality. The aim of this study is to address current knowledge gaps in this condition by describing the global burden of disease and assessing the regional and seasonal variation in causative organisms, demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, comorbidities, pleural effusion characteristics, management strategies and outcomes. These data will inform future research and management guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We will conduct an international multicentre point prevalence survey at two seasonal time points during the year. At each seasonal time point, data will be collected for 4\u2009weeks on every episode of pleural infection presenting to the sites. Important demographic characteristics, medical history, clinical and imaging features, laboratory results, treatments and outcomes will be collected and analysed with a combination of descriptive and inferential statistics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study will be performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the International Conference on Harmonisation\/Good Clinical Practice. This trial received ethical approval from the Comitato Etico Regione March, Italy, Prot. 2024 266. Institutional approvals will be acquired at all sites. All data will be treated confidentially and collected anonymously into an access-controlled electronic database. Results will be disseminated at conferences and in peer-reviewed publications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2025-003288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T05:05:42Z","timestamp":1764306342000},"page":"e003288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Global point prevalence study to determine the variations in aetiology, management and outcomes of pleural infection: a protocol for the international multicentre study of pleural infection (the INTERMITTENT Study)"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1713-5484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven P","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Respiratory Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Gonnelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uffe","family":"Bodtger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dep of Respiratory Medicine, Zealand University Hospital, N\u00e6stved, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane A","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026041704150982000_12.1.e003288.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2015.12.027","article-title":"Pleural Effusions at First ED Encounter Predict Worse Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Pneumonia","volume":"149","author":"Dean","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026041704150982000_12.1.e003288.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.156406"},{"key":"2026041704150982000_12.1.e003288.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.026"},{"key":"2026041704150982000_12.1.e003288.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.03546-2020","article-title":"Epidemiology of pleural empyema in English hospitals and the impact of influenza","volume":"57","author":"Arnold","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026041704150982000_12.1.e003288.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.08.002","article-title":"Pleural Tuberculosis","volume":"42","author":"Shaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"2026041704150982000_12.1.e003288.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00541-2019","article-title":"A systematic review of comorbidities and outcomes of adult patients with pleural infection","volume":"54","author":"Cargill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026041704150982000_12.1.e003288.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01062-2022","article-title":"ERS\/ESTS statement on the management of pleural infection in adults","volume":"61","author":"Bedawi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026041704150982000_12.1.e003288.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maskell NA , Laursen CB , Lee Y . In: Pleural Disease (ERS Monograph). Sheffield: European Respiratory Society, 2020: 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1183\/2312508X.erm8720"},{"key":"2026041704150982000_12.1.e003288.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.08.001","article-title":"Parapneumonic Effusion and Empyema","volume":"42","author":"Addala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"2026041704150982000_12.1.e003288.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-1558"},{"key":"2026041704150982000_12.1.e003288.11","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control . Point Prevalence Survey of Healthcare- Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Use in European Acute Care Hospitals \u2013 Protocol Version 5.3. Stockholm: ECDC, 2016."}],"container-title":["BMJ Open Respiratory Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjresp-2025-003288","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T11:15:19Z","timestamp":1776424519000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopenrespres.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjresp-2025-003288"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjresp-2025-003288"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjresp-2025-003288","relation":{},"ISSN":["2052-4439"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2052-4439","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}}}