{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T12:09:56Z","timestamp":1781006996780,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open Resp Res"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While the management of traumatic chylothorax has advanced over the past two decades, outcomes for non-traumatic chylothorax remain poor, with a paucity of data to guide management and prognostication.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with chylothorax between January 2020 and December 2024. Clinical data including interventions and clinical outcomes were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated 40 patients with a median age of 61 (IQR: 50\u201372) years. Cancer was the most common cause (67.5%), of which 18 (45%) patients had solid-organ malignancies and 9 (22.5%) had haematological malignancies. Other aetiologies included drug-induced (10%) and liver cirrhosis (7.5%). Despite dietary measures implemented in 65.0% of patients, 52.5% of patients required \u22652 pleural interventions, with chest drain and indwelling pleural catheter insertions performed in 32 (80.0%) and 8 (20.0%) patients, respectively. Lymphatic imaging was infrequently (20.0%) performed, with chyle leak identified in only one patient. The 90-day and 1-year mortality was 37.5% and 55.0%,\u2009respectively, with the highest 1-year mortality rates seen with solid organ cancers (83.3%) and liver cirrhosis (66.7%). Eighteen (45.0%) patients had clinical resolution of chylothorax, and this was highest in patients with drug-induced chylothorax (100.0%) followed by patients with haematological malignancies (66.7%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non-traumatic chylothorax secondary to haematological malignancies and drugs have more favourable outcomes compared with solid organ cancers and liver cirrhosis. This highlights the need for a personalised and multidisciplinary approach to the management of chylothorax.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2026-004142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T11:55:47Z","timestamp":1781006147000},"page":"e004142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical outcomes of non-traumatic chylothorax at a Singapore tertiary referral hospital"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6072-5277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian Lee Wei","family":"Chua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0131-6269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Si Ling","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiao Li","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carrie Kah-Lai","family":"Leong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane Jing Yi","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nursing, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana Gilcrist Chiew Sian","family":"Phua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nursing, Singapore General 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