{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T21:38:44Z","timestamp":1791495524353,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Scientific studies on the prevalence of mental health problems in elite athletes are rare, and most have had considerable methodological limitations, such as low response rate and heterogeneous samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the prevalence of depression and anxiety in top-level football players in comparison to the general population, and to analyse potential risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Players of all first league (FL) and of four U-21 football teams in Switzerland were asked to answer a questionnaire on player's characteristics, the Centre of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All 10 women's FL teams, 9 of 10 men's FL teams and 4 male U-21 teams (n=471 football players) took part in the study. The CES-D score indicated a mild to moderate depression in 33 (7.6%) players and a major depression in 13 (3.0%) players. The GAD-7 score indicated an at least moderate anxiety disorder in 6 (1.4%) players. Compared to the general population, the prevalence of depression was similar and the prevalence of anxiety disorders was significantly (\u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =16.7; p&lt;0.001) lower in football players. Significant differences were observed with regard to player characteristics, such as age, gender, player position, level of play and current injury.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Swiss FL football players had the same prevalence of depression as the general population, while male U-21 players had a higher prevalence of depression. It is important to raise awareness and knowledge of athletes\u2019 mental health problems in coaches and team physicians, and to provide adequate treatment to athletes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2015-000087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,19]],"date-time":"2016-01-19T22:19:15Z","timestamp":1453241955000},"page":"e000087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":147,"title":["Prevalence of depression and anxiety in top-level male and female football players"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Astrid","family":"Junge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School Hamburg (MSH), Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"FIFA Medical Assessment and Research Centre (F-MARC), Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss Concussion Centre (SCC) Schulthess Klinik, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Feddermann-Demont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FIFA Medical Assessment and Research Centre (F-MARC), Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss Concussion Centre (SCC) Schulthess Klinik, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Center for Vertigo and Neurological Visual Disorders, University Hospital Z\u00fcrich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025083112425138000_2.1.e000087.1","unstructured":"Reng R , Enke R . 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