{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T21:51:59Z","timestamp":1784584319768,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of this study was to determine whether toe sliding is more likely to cause knee injuries than flatfoot sliding in curling.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Twelve curlers participated in the study, each delivering 12 stones. Six stones per volunteer were delivered using a flatfoot slide and six were delivered using a toe slide. The Pedar-X in-shoe pressure system recorded the plantar pressure during each of the slides, while a sagittal plane digital video recorded the body position of the curler. Measurements were taken from the video recordings using a software overlay program (MB Ruler), and this, combined with the Pedar-X data, gave the overall joint force in the tuck knee.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The knee joint force for toe sliding was more than double that of flatfoot sliding (p&lt;0.05). There was a strong correlation between the increase in knee joint force and the increase in the moment arm of the ground reaction force. Images produced using the three-dimensional Vicon system confirm that toe sliding produces a larger moment arm than flatfoot sliding.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Injuries are more likely to occur in toe sliding, compared with flatfoot sliding, due to the increase in force and moment, pushing the weight of the curler forward over the knee, which could make the adopted position less stable. Curlers might consider avoiding toe sliding to reduce the risk of knee injuries if the two types of delivery could be performed equally well.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2017-000221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,7]],"date-time":"2017-08-07T20:10:13Z","timestamp":1502136613000},"page":"e000221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A pilot biomechanical assessment of curling deliveries: is toe sliding more likely to cause knee injury than flatfoot sliding?"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Iona","family":"Robertson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery, Institute of Motion Analysis & Research (IMAR), TORT Centre, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham P","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery, Institute of Motion Analysis & Research (IMAR), TORT Centre, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery, Institute of Motion Analysis & Research (IMAR), TORT Centre, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim S","family":"Drew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery, Institute of Motion Analysis & Research (IMAR), TORT Centre, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadiq","family":"Nasir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery, Institute of Motion Analysis & Research (IMAR), TORT Centre, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calum","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery, Institute of Motion Analysis & Research (IMAR), TORT Centre, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rami J","family":"Abboud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery, Institute of Motion Analysis & Research (IMAR), TORT Centre, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025083112500780000_3.1.e000221.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2003.010298","article-title":"Self reported injury patterns among competitive curlers in the United States: a preliminary investigation into the epidemiology of curling injuries","volume":"38","author":"Reeser","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2025083112500780000_3.1.e000221.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2012.757229","article-title":"Injury type and incidence among elite level curlers during world championship competition","volume":"21","author":"Berry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res Sports Med"},{"key":"2025083112500780000_3.1.e000221.3","unstructured":"Beere LP , Murray A , Belch M , et al . Injury patterns in high-performance curlers. 2014. http:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bjsm\/2014\/05\/14\/injury-patterns-in-high-performance-curlers-the-sport-has-2-million-players-worldwide-although-has-200x-less-publications-than-aussie-rules-football\/. (accessed 12 Apr 2016)."},{"key":"2025083112500780000_3.1.e000221.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.28.6.694","article-title":"A biomechanical assessment of the sliding\u00a0motion of curling delivery in high-performance and sub-high performance curlers","volume":"28","author":"Yoo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"key":"2025083112500780000_3.1.e000221.5","first-page":"189","article-title":"Frictional heat generated by sweeping in curling and its effect on ice friction","volume":"220","author":"Marmo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc IME J Mater Des Appl"},{"key":"2025083112500780000_3.1.e000221.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2009.05.006"},{"key":"2025083112500780000_3.1.e000221.7","unstructured":"World Curling Federation. World Curling Federation - Rules and Regulations. 2016. http:\/\/www.worldcurling.org\/rules-and-regulations-downloads. (accessed 12 Apr 2016)."},{"key":"2025083112500780000_3.1.e000221.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9120\/43\/4\/006","article-title":"The coefficient of friction, particularly of ice","volume":"43","author":"Mills","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys Educ"},{"key":"2025083112500780000_3.1.e000221.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/86.650292"},{"key":"2025083112500780000_3.1.e000221.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.1983.10605290"},{"key":"2025083112500780000_3.1.e000221.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411911433372"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open Sport &amp; Exercise Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjsem-2017-000221","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]],"date-time":"2025-08-31T19:50:13Z","timestamp":1756669813000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopensem.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjsem-2017-000221"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjsem-2017-000221"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjsem-2017-000221","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-7647"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-7647","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}}}